论私法中数字货币的规范体系

On the Normative System of Digital Currency in Private Law

根据发行主体的不同,可以将数字货币区分为法定数字货币与非法定数字货币。法定数字货币就是目前试点的数字人民币,其性质为以数据为载体的现金。相反,非法定数字货币欠缺法偿性和强制受领力,根据技术的不同,可以分为非基于区块链技术的传统数字货币(Q币为代表)和基于区块链技术的新型数字货币(比特币为代表)。前者的法律性质为债权,后者的法律性质是绝对性财产权。而在货币规则的适用问题上,数字货币能否适用“占有即所有”的货币物权法规则,取决于是否发生混合。在货币之债规则的适用方面,不论是何种数字货币,在交易中均起到部分货币的作用,数字人民币原则上得适用货币之债的规则;非法定数字货币则必须在个案中考虑类推适用货币之债的可能。

Digital currency can be distinguished into statutory digital currency and non-statutory digital currency according to the issuers.Statutory digital currency,which is also known as digital RMB in the current pilot,is cash in the form of data.On the contrary,non-statutory digital currency lacks legal tender and compulsory acceptability,and it can be divided into traditional digital currency not based on blockchain technology(represented by Q-coin)and new digital currency based on blockchain technology(represented by Bitcoin)according to the difference in technology.The legal nature of the former is a claim,and the legal nature of the latter is an absolute property right.In terms of the application of monetary rules,the applicability of the"possession equaling ownership"rule of monetary property law to digital currency depends on the existence of a mixtureed.As for the application of the rules of monetary debt,no matter what kind of digital currency is Concern,it plays part of the role of currency in the transaction,and in principle,the rules of monetary debt must be applied to digital RMB;for non-statutory digital currency,the possibility of applying the rules of monetary debt by analogy must be considered case-by-case.