基于古代常见芳香药的药物特性探析《黄帝内经》香入脾理论

Analysis of the properties of ancient aromatic Chinese herbs and the application of the theory of“aromatics acting on the spleen”in Huangdi Neijing

《黄帝内经》最早提出"香入脾"理论,认为芳香之气偏入脾,故芳香药对脾也具有特殊的调节作用。通过梳理古代本草书籍记载的常用芳香药种类,并统计其性味、归经及药物功效,进而探讨芳香药的药物特性及其与脾的特殊作用。芳香药大多为性温,味辛、苦之品,主要归脾经,次归肝经,在现代中药学的药效分类上,则以理气、活血化瘀、发散风寒之功效居多。可见芳香药确实偏于入脾,且其功效并不局限在化湿与开窍,再加上辛能行散、苦能燥湿、温则升阳,辛开苦降尤利于脾胃恢复升清降浊之生理功能,进而维持五脏六腑的气机循环。因此认为,临床应用芳香药所发挥的化湿、醒脾,甚至醒神、开窍等功效,其中必定离不开脾的中介作用,这也为《黄帝内经》香入脾理论提供了药性依据。

The theory that aromatic medicinals act upon the spleen was first put forward in Huangdi Neijing(Huangdi’s Internal Classic).It was believed that aroma primarily acted upon the spleen,so aromatic herbs also had a special regulatory effect on the spleen.In this paper,through classifying commonly used aromatic herbs recorded in ancient books on Chinese materia medica,and making statistical analysis of their nature,taste,meridian tropism and efficacy,we further explored the medicinal characteristics of aromatic herbs and their special effects on the spleen.Statistical results show that most aromatic herbs are warm in nature,and pungent and bitter in taste,and they enter primarily the spleen meridian,and secondarily the liver meridian.In terms of efficacy in modern Chinese materia medica,such herbs serve mostly to rectify qi,invigorate blood,dissolve stasis and dissipate wind-cold.It can be seen that aromatic medicinals do primarily act upon the spleen,and their effects are not limited to resolving dampness and inducing resuscitation.In addition,their pungent taste have dispersing and moving effects,their bitter taste can dry dampness,and their warm nature can raise yang.As pungent medicinals open and bitter medicinals direct things downward,aromatics are especially conducive to restoring spleen and stomach’s physiological function of raising the clear and directing the turbid downward,and then maintaining the qi circulation in the five zang and six fu organs.Therefore,the authors argue that the spleen must have played an important role in aromatic herbs’clinical application to remove dampness and awaken the spleen and even to open the orifices and resuscitate,which also provides pharmacological evidence for the theory that aromatic medicinals act upon the spleen in Huangdi Neijing.