论《诗经》四言体的语言文化意蕴

Research on the Linguisticand Cultural Implication of the Four-Character Verse in The Book of Songs

中国上古诗歌以二言形式为主,至《诗经》以四言为主体。《诗经》以四言为主体有其深刻的语言文化内涵。周初社会政治经济的重大变化,导致了大量双音词的出现,这是《诗经》四言体产生的语言学基础;周初制礼作乐,决定了《诗经》内容的庄典性,而庄典性的内容决定《诗经》适合采用四言为主体的诗歌形式。《诗经》以前的古代诗歌现存的以《易经》卦爻辞所引古诗为代表,这些诗歌不但具有大量的二言体诗歌,而且具有大量的二言、三言、四言相互混用的诗歌,这类作品当视为二言诗歌向四言诗歌过渡阶段的作品,为《诗经》四言为主体形式的出现开了先河。周民族的对称审美心理也是《诗经》以四言为主体的一个重要因素。

The far-ancient China poems were mainly in the form of two-character verse.Up to Book of Songs,the main form of poems developed into four-character verse.Book of Songs,with four-character verse as its main style,had profound linguistic and cultural connotation.The great changes of social politics and economy in the early Zhou Dynastyled to the emergence of a large number of disyllabic words,which laid a linguistic foundation for the appearance of the four-character verse in Book of Songs.In the early Zhou Dynasty,rite and music were created,which dictated the content in Book of Songs should be solemn and elegant.Meanwhile,the solemn and elegant content determined the four-character verse to be the main form in The Book of Songs.The existing ancient poems before the Book of Songs were represented by the ancient poems quoted from the divinatory phraseology inBook of Changes.These poems not only had a large number of two-character verse,but also contained a lot of poems mixed two-character verse,three-character verse and four-character verse.This kind of poems should be regarded as the works in the transitional period from two-character verse to four-character verse,which laid the foundation of poetics for the emergence of the four-character-verse main form inBook of Songs.The symmetrical aesthetic psychology of the people in Zhou Dynastywas also an important factor which made the four-character verse as the main body in The Book of Songs.