大气环境容量的影响因素及核算方法综述

Summary of the influencing factors and accounting methods of atmospheric environmental capacity

介绍了大气环境容量的主要影响因素,探讨了常用的大气环境容量核算方法。影响大气环境容量的因素主要分为自然因素和社会因素,前者主要包括气象因素、地理因素、环境背景浓度,后者主要包括污染源布局、污染物排放种类及特征、环境目标值、外来污染源。核算方法主要包括A值法、线性规划法、模型模拟法以及系统动力学方法。A值法主要用于宏观指导,因忽略干湿沉降以及化学转化作用等自然因素而造成核算偏差;线性规划法适用于制定区域内环境质量改善方案,但无法解决非线性问题;模型模拟法可兼顾多种影响因素,主要用于省级范围的环境容量核算,但技术、操作和计算都相对复杂;系统动力学方法简化了计算过程,还考虑了社会经济影响,更适用于多目标规划模型问题和复合型空气污染问题。建议在计算过程中充分考虑影响因素且按重要程度进行排序,选择合适的核算方法并获得更准确的大气环境容量数据。

The factors affecting atmospheric environmental capacity were introduced,and the common accounting methods of atmospheric environmental capacity were discussed.The influencing factors of atmospheric environmental capacity can be divided into natural factors and social factors.The former includes meteorological factors,geographical factors and environmental background concentration,and the latter includes pollution source layout,pollutant emission types and characteristics,environmental target value and external pollution sources.The accounting methods include the A-value method,linear programming method,model simulation method and system dynamics method.The A-value method is mainly used for macro guidance,but has accounting deviation caused by ignoring natural factors such as dry and wet deposition and chemical reactions.The linear programming method is suitable for formulating the environmental quality improvement plan in the area,but it cannot solve the non-linear problem.The model simulation method can take into account a variety of influencing factors and is mainly used for provincial environmental capacity accounting,but its technology,operation and calculation are relatively complex.The system dynamics method simplifies the calculation process,and considers the socioeconomic impact.It is more suitable for multi-objective planning model and compound air pollution problems.During the calculation process,it is suggested to fully consider the influencing factors,sorted them by importance,select the appropriate accounting method and obtain more accurate atmospheric environmental capacity data.