免疫训练——先天免疫记忆的发现和研究进展

Discovery and development of trained immunity,memory of innate immunity

免疫系统分为先天免疫(又称固有免疫或非特异性免疫)和获得性免疫(又称适应免疫或特异性免疫),主要功能是防止病原微生物入侵和清除已入侵病原微生物及其他有害物质。传统观念认为,先天免疫与获得性免疫的重要区别在于后者有免疫记忆。然而,新近研究发现固有免疫细胞在受到病原微生物及其产物刺激后,当再次遭遇感染时,可表现出对原刺激或异种刺激的非特异性免疫强化的记忆特性,这一现象被称为免疫训练,其机制可能与表观遗传学修饰和细胞代谢的转变有关。先天免疫记忆的发现对于严重感染、自身免疫疾病及肿瘤的治疗具有重要意义。本文从先天免疫记忆的发现、免疫训练概念的提出以及机制等方面综述免疫训练的最新研究进展,探究免疫训练对疾病防治的潜在应用价值。

Divided into innate immunity(also called congenital or nonspecific immunity)and acquired immunity(also adaptive or specific immunity),immune system acts as defender against intrusive pathogen and cleaner of spreading microbes or other harmful substances. An important distinction between two immune patterns,as conventionally thought,is that acquired immunity has exclusive immune memory. Nowadays,the dogma has been challenged by the discovery that after stimulated by microbes or their products,a nonspecific enhanced reaction can be elicited in innate immunocytes while encountering a secondary homogeneous or heterogeneous insults. This phenomenon,termed as trained immunity,is confirmed to relate to epigenetic modulation and immunometabolic transformation. The finding that innate immunity also has memory is of great significance to vaccination,autoimmune diseases and tumor immunotherapy. This article will review the discovery of innate immune memory,the proposal of trained immunity and the latest breakthroughs,emphatically on its mechanism and the potential functions of therapy.