当代西方政治哲学视域下努斯鲍姆正义理论的研究

Research on Nussbaum's Theory of Justice from the Perspective of Contemporary Western Political Philosophy

玛莎·努斯鲍姆作为当代西方政治哲学研究领域中的重要代表人物,国内外学术界对其理论进行了多方面的研究,其正义的能力理论主要来源于亚里士多德式的“人”的观念和阿玛蒂亚·森的“能力路径”。面对当代社会中存在的多元性与异质性现象,努斯鲍姆不仅仅强调一种伦理上的普遍主义的道德观念,关注情感在人类社会中的重要作用,还提倡一种伦理上的世界主义的政治观念,突出正义问题在政治经济中的重要地位,因此,努斯鲍姆从诗性正义走向能力正义,并在此过程中展开对罗尔斯式正义理论的回应与推进。努斯鲍姆的正义的能力理论确实存在诸多创新性,但其理论本身以及将其理论应用于正义领域也存在着一定的复杂性与局限性。随着西方政治哲学的不断发展,当代能力主义者对于能力路径也进行了不断深化与完善。

As an important representative in the field of contemporary western political philosophy,Martha Nussbaum has conducted many researches on her theory in domestic and foreign academic circles.Her capability theory of justice is mainly derived from the Aristotelian concept of human beings and Sen's capability approach.In the face of the phenomenon of pluralism and heterogeneity in contemporary society,Nussbaum not only emphasized an ethical and universalist conception of morality,which focuses on the important role of sentiments in human society,but also advocated an ethical and cosmopolitan conception of politics,which highlights the crucial position of the justice issue in the political economy.Therefore,Nussbaum moved from poetic justice to capability justice,for responding to and advancing Rawlsian theory of justice.Indeed,there are many innovations in Nussbaum's capability theory of justice,however,there are also complexities and limitations in the theory and its application in the field of justice.With the continuous development of western political philosophy,the contemporary scholars of capabilitarianism has been continually deepening and perfecting the capability approach.