论谢林早期哲学中的浪漫主义和理性主义

On Romanticism and Rationalism in Schelling's Early Philosophy

浪漫派的艺术理论把艺术提升到极高的地位,这股复杂的思潮影响了当时的德国哲学。谢林在《先验唯心论体系》中高度重视艺术哲学,主张以艺术直观来客观化理智直观,使其先验哲学复又落入神秘主义,因此常有学者将谢林纳入浪漫派阵营。然而,艺术直观本身就是为了摆脱浪漫主义的“恶劣无限”,这是一个理性主义的诉求。不过艺术直观并不能满足理性主义的诉求,谢林在之后的《对我的哲学体系的阐释》和《艺术哲学》中放弃了艺术直观的论述,以潜能阶次学说呈现绝对者与个别者的同一性关系。如此一来,绝对同一性不再依赖于个别的艺术直观将自身实在化,毋宁说绝对同一性的内在运动已经让自己同时以个别者的形式呈现出来,而谢林也通过他的同一性哲学表明了自身的理性主义立场。

The art theory of Romanticism elevated art to a high position,and this complicated thought influenced the German philosophy of the time.Schelling attaches great importance to the philosophy of art in System des transzendentalen Idealismus,and objectify intellectual intuition by ästhetische Anschauung,which makes transcendental philosophy falls back into mysticism.However,äästhetische Anschauung itself is to overcome the“bad infinity”of romanticism,so it is itself a rational appeal.Since ästhetische Anschauung cannot satisfy the demands of rationalism,Schelling abandoned the discussion of ästhetische Anschauung in subsequent Darstellung meines Systems der Philosophie and Philosophie der Kunst,and presented the relationship between the absolute and the individual with the theory of Potenz.Absolute identity no longer depends on individual ästhetische Anschauung to actualize itself.Rather,the inner movement of absolute identity has allowed itself to be presented in the form of individuals at the same time,which announced Schelling's rational position.