黑格尔对市民社会分裂的诊断与救治

On the Diagnosis and Treatment about the Division of Hegel's Civil Society

根据黑格尔的基本观点看,市民社会的分裂是现代性的深层困境。个人的主体性和特殊性原则取代了前现代社会的共同体原则,构成了现代社会的价值规范基础。在市民社会中,人与人之间互为工具性的存在,彼此把他人当作客体加以控制和利用,从而使伦理总体性瓦解和整个社会陷入分裂状态。黑格尔法哲学的重要贡献是提出了救治市民社会分裂困境的方案:在市民社会内部,通过塑造普遍秩序和使个人分属不同等级,培养个人的普遍精神以解决特殊性与普遍性、个人与共同体之间的分裂;通过更高的伦理实体即国家弥合特殊性与普遍性的分裂,国家构成了个人的实体和本质,但个人的主体性最终淹没于普遍性之中。

The division of civil society was a deep dilemma of modernity,and Hegel had a profound understanding of this.The principle of individual subjectivity and particularity replaced the principle of community in pre-modern society,and formed the basis of value norms in modern society.In civil society,people were instrumental among each other,controlling and using each other as objects,thereby disintegrating the overall ethics and dividing the entire society.An important contribution of Hegel’s philosophy of rights was to propose a plan to cure the dilemma of civil society.By shaping the general order and classifying individuals into different levels,the individual’s universal spirit was cultivated to resolve the division between particularity and universality,and between individual and community.The state was the entity and essence of the individual,bridging the split between particularity and universality,but the subjectivity of the individual was ultimately submerged in the universality.