古代欧亚“三条鱼的故事”图像的跨文化流变与图文关系

Cross-Cultural Transmission of the Images of“The Story of Three Fishes”in Ancient Europe and Asia and the Relationship Between Texts and Images

印度古代佛教故事在丝绸之路流传甚广,并通过西亚文化的中介,远传欧洲。巴利文佛教《本生经》中的"三条鱼的故事",不仅出现在印度史诗《摩诃婆罗多》、民间故事集《五卷书》《益世嘉言集》和《故事海》之中,也出现在阿拉伯语《凯里来与迪木奈》、粟特语民间故事写卷、波斯语《玛斯纳维》、波斯语《苏海力之光》、泰语《娘丹德莱的故事》以及《凯里来与迪木奈》的多种译本或转译本(比如格鲁吉亚语译本、拉丁语译本等欧洲多种语言的译本)等多元与多语种文字文本之中。该故事不仅以文字文本的形式流传亚欧大陆,而且还依托这些文本的插图本,以图像的形式进行跨时空、跨文化的流传,本文通过梳理这一故事的文图源流与图文关系的变化,展示古代印度文学与宗教对外传播的复杂性,并为理解古代欧亚的文化交流提供一个有效的实证事例。

A lot of Buddhist stories from ancient India have spread widely along the Silk Road to distant Europe via the intermediary of Western Asia culture.The several types of"The story of three fishes"from Indian folktales not only was narrated in the Pāli Jātakas,Epic Mahābhārata,Pa?catantra,Hitopade?a,and Somadeva’s Kathāsaritsāgara at different times,but also was revised or even changed into the Kalīla wa Dimna,Sogidan Tales,Mathnawī(Rumi)’s Masnavi,Anvār-i Suh·aylī,and many translated versions of Kalīla wa Dimna,such as Kalīlah va Dimnah,Buch der Beispiele der alten Weisen,and Directorium Humanae Vitae in different languages.This story is not only spread in the form of text in Asia and Europe,but also spread across time,space,and culture in the form of images.By analyzing the origin of this story and the changes of the relationship between its different texts and images,this paper tries to demonstrate the complexity of the communication of ancient Indian culture and religion,and provide an effective empirical case for understanding the exchange of cultures between ancient Europe and Asia.