多功能虚词“由”的语法化及语义衍生关系

The Grammaticalization and Semantic Derivation of Chinese Multifunction Form Word You(由)

汉语史上“由”是个多功能虚词,既有介词功能又有连词功能。作介词时,可以引进处所、视角、时间、原因、依据、对象等多种语义成分;作连词时,表原因,关联原因与结果。“由”的介词与连词功能都是从“源自、产生”义动词“由”语法化而来。文章考察多功能虚词“由”的语法化历程及各种语义成分间的相互衍生关系,基本结论是:处所义、对象义介词“由”是从其“源自、产生”义动词直接语法化而来;视角义、时间义介词“由”是其处所义用法再语法化的结果;而原因义介词“由”是从其原因义动词语法化而来。连词“由”是从其原因义动词直接语法化而来,非原因义介词再语法化的结果。现代汉语中,虚词“由”只有介词用法,连词用法消失,其连词用法为“由于”所替代。

You(由) is a multi-functional form word with both the function of preposition and conjunction in Chinese history.As a preposition,it can introduce various semantic components such as location,perspective,time,reason,basis and object.When serving as a conjunction,it indicates the cause and correlates the cause with the result.The function of preposition and conjunction of You(由) is grammaticalized from the delexical verb You(由) meaning origination.This paper examines the grammaticalization of the functional word You(由) and the mutual derivation of various semantic components.We conclude that semantic components of the preposition indicating location and object are direct grammaticalization from the delexical verb You(由);perspective and time componentsare re-grammaticalized from location;whereas reason component derives from its delexical verb reflecting reason.As for conjunctional function,You(由) is grammaticalized from causative delexical verb directly and re-grammaticalized from non-causative delexical preposition.In modern Chinese,the form word You(由) has only the prepositional function with the conjunctional usage disappearing,which is replaced by You Yu(由于).