《道德经》中的主客观辩证法

On Subjective Dialectics and the Objective Dialectics in Tao Te Ching

《道德经》对“道”与“德”分而论之,同恩格斯在《自然辩证法》中区别“客观辩证法”与“主观辩证法”的思路颇为相合,体现出朴素唯物主义自然观对于人与自然辩证统一关系的直觉式把握。其中,“道论”的精髓在于揭示了自然界秩序演化过程中“生产”与“消耗”两方面此消彼长的矛盾规律,“德论”则由此提炼出一种指导人们在可持续发展的长期利益与得不偿失的短期利益之间明智取舍的社会政治实践方法论。

Lao Tzu’s Tao Te Ching distinguishes“Tao”and“Te”and intuitively reveals the dialectical unity between man and nature based on the naive materialism view of nature,which is quite consistent with Friedrich Engels’distinguishing between“objective dialectics”and“subjective dialectics”in Dialectics of Nature.As naïve objective dialectics,the theory of“Tao”shows the contradictory laws of“production”and“consumption”in the evolution of orders in nature.As naïve subjective dialectics,the theory of“Te”shows a methodology of socio-political practice that can guide people to take the wise trade-off between the long-term benefi ts by“production”and the short-term benefi ts by“consumption”.