居住权期限的类型化与体系因应

Typology and Its Systematic Response to the Duration of the Right of Residence

《民法典》规定当事人可以就居住权约定期限或条件,而对居住权的期限没有更进一步的细节规定。居住权可以划分为固定期限居住权与无固定期限居住权。两者的区分对居住权的人役性具有实质性影响。无固定期限居住权主要包括附终止条件的居住权(主要是特殊需要居住权)和终身居住权。终身居住权的居住短期中断不构成对人役性的违反。根据终身居住权的性质不同,终止标准在“死亡”之外还可以区分“不居住”和“不再居住”。在特殊需要居住权的期限中,以抚养扶养为目的的居住权、以健康保障为目的的居住权、以经济保障为目的的居住权和遗孀居住权都依据自身特点具有不同的期限规则。据此,《民法典》、司法解释以及指导性案例应作体系化的调整与构建。

The Civil Code provides that the parties may agree on the duration or conditions of the right of residence,without further details on the duration of the right of residence.The right of residence can be divided into the right of residence for a fixed term and the right of residence for an indefinite term.The distinction between the two has a substantial impact on the servitus personarum of the right of residence.The right of residence for an indefinite term mainly includes the right of residence with termination conditions(mainly the right of residence for special needs)and the right of life-long residence.Short-term interruptions of residence for the right of life-long residence do not constitute a violation of servitus personarum.Depending on the nature of the right of life-long residence,the termination criteria can distinguish between “nonresidence” and“unnecessary-residence”in addition to“death”.Among the duration of the right of residence for special needs,the right of residence for the purpose of maintenance and support,the right of residence for the purpose of health protection,the right of residence for the purpose of economic security,and the right of residence of the widow all have different duration rules depending on their characteristics.Accordingly,The Civil Code,judicial interpretations and guiding cases should be systematically adjusted and constructed.