“数字劳动”与“数字资本”的政治经济学分析

Political Economy Analysis of “Digital Labor” and “Digital Capital”

"数字劳动""数字资本""数字资本主义"不符合政治经济学相关术语的运用规则,是不适当的概念。从中外学者的论述中,"数字劳动"可以概括出五种类型,其中只有运用数字化的生产资料进行的劳动最接近政治经济学规则,适宜称为数字化生产或数字化经营。互联网企业的数字平台属于不变资本。用于获取和处理数据的应用软件才是劳动资料,数据只是劳动对象。"数字资本主义"除了一般的资本主义剥削即对企业雇员的剥削以外,还存在其他剥削形式和剥夺方式。数字土地化比数字资本化更符合政治经济学的原理。生活时间可以划分为劳动时间、自由时间和损失掉的时间。与西方学者提出"受众劳动"和"数字劳动"密切相关的观看广告的时间是损失掉的时间。

"Digital labor","digital capital"and "digital capitalism"do not conform to the rules of the use of terms related to political economy and are inappropriate concepts. From the discussions of Chinese and foreign scholars,five types of"digital labor"can be summarized,among which only labor using digital means of production is closest to the rules of political economy and is suitable to be called digital production or digital management. The digital platforms of Internet companies belong to the category of constant capital. The applications used to acquire and process data are the means of labor,and the data are only the objects of labor."Digital capitalism"has other forms of exploitation and deprivation besides the general capitalist exploitation,i.e. the exploitation of the enterprise employees. Getting benefits from grasping data like collecting rents from possessing land is more in line with the principles of political economy than digital capitalization. Life time can be divided into labor time,free time and lost time. The time spent watching advertisements,which is closely related to the "audience labor"and "digital labor"proposed by Western scholars,is the lost time.