原封不动抑或新旧交融--非遗保护背景下的浙江目连戏生存调查

Research on the Survival Status of Zhejiang Mulian in the Context of Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection

浙江是目连戏的重要流布区,但是目前能保持活态流传的区域仅有绍兴的越城区、新昌县、嵊州市、上虞区以及杭州的西湖区、衢州的开化县等地。这些地方流传的目连戏各有特色:大部分都唱高腔,亦有唱时调、乱弹,还有“只演不唱”的“哑目连”。绍兴目连戏是浙江目连戏的代表,《女吊》《男吊》《调无常》等部分折子戏经过多年锤炼,已经成为浙江目连戏的代表剧目。2009年后,在非遗保护的背景下各地开始恢复排演目连戏,这一过程中出现了不同的“传承”方式。第一种以上虞哑目连为代表,可称为“原汁原味”再现;第二种以绍兴目连戏为代表,表现为排演传统折子戏和新编、新捏折子的串折本,可称为“新旧交融”的传承;第三种以西溪哑目连为代表,几乎为“另起炉灶”式的移植。产生这三种不同的传承原因既和当地文化部门的主观态度有关,又和当地的实际情况相连。

Zhejiang is a vital distribution area for Mulian opera.The only areas where this opera is still alive and circulated are Yuecheng District,Xinchang County,Shengzhou and Shangyu District in Shaoxing,as well as Xihu District in Hangzhou and Kaihua County in Quzhou.Most of the operas spread in these areas have their own characteristics:the majority of them are sung in Gaoqiang,while some are sung in Shidiao and Luantan,as well as“Mute Mulian”,in which are“only performed but not sung”.Shaoxing Mulian Opera is the representative of Zhejiang Mulian Opera.After years of refinement,some of the Zhezixi,highlights from operas,such as Nvdiao,Nandiao,and Tiaowuchang have become the typical repertoires of Zhejiang Mulian Opera.After 2009,under the background of the protection of intangible cultural heritage,the rehearsals of Mulian Opera have been resumed in various places,during which different ways of“inheritance”have emerged.The first type of inheritance,represented by Shangyu Mute Mulian,can be called the“original”reproduction;secondly,Shaoxing Mulian is presented by the rehearsal of traditional Zhezixi,as well as the rehearsal of newly compiled and newly fabricated Zhezixi,which represents the“fusion of old and new”inheritance;the third typical type is Xixi Mute Mulian,which is almost performed as transplanting traditional Mulian Opera to make a fresh start.The reasons for the emergence of these three types of inheritance are related to both the subjective attitude of local cultural departments and the actual local situations.