欧洲近代早期隔离区的选址与设置:以防疫医院为中心

The Site and Setting of Early Modern Quarantine:Understanding European Plague Hospitals

近期对物质层面的兴趣激发了医学史学家去探究近代早期医院的设置、形式及其装备和当时健康理念之间的关系。在许多情况下,医院作为本地社区的缩影,其运行往往反映了内部的理念。然而,这些医院设计和运行的原则,经常在流行病(特别是传染病)传播时期受到某些特定要求的挑战。这些自然灾害的规模和对疫病的医学解读,促成一种新的医院模式———现代隔离医院的前身。这些以隔离措施为主要形式来应对传染病的举措包括实用性和象征性两方面元素。本文选取近代早期欧洲的一些例子,意在表明为身心健康提供整体性治疗方案需要人们认真管理医院中的那些显性和隐性部分。与人们的直觉感知相悖的是,医院的显性和隐性部分在确保隔离制度的有效实施方面都发挥了重要的作用。

Recent interest in materiality has encouraged medical historians toexplore the relationship between the setting,form and furnishing of early modern hospitals and contemporary ideas about health.In many contexts,hospitalsoperated as microcosms of local communities,often reflecting ideals from thedomestic setting.Such principals of hospital design and operation,however,were challenged by the specific requirements of times of epidemic disease(particularly plague).The scale of these natural disasters,and the specific medicalunderstandings of plague,necessitated a new form of hospital-the precursor tothe modern isolation hospital.The solutions found to meet the challenges of epidemic disease,in the form of quarantine policies,included both practical andsymbolic elements.Using early modern European examples,the article will illustrate that an attempt to provide holistic care of both body and soul necessitated the careful regulation of what was,and was not,present within thesites.Perhaps counter intuitively,both absence and presence played importantroles in ensuring effective isolation.