宋辽金僧人塔铭的文体新变:修辞、历史和救赎

Literary Form Changes of Buddhist Monks' Pagoda Inscriptions in the Song,Liao and Jin Time:Rhetoric,History and Salvation

宋代塔铭和辽金塔铭因各自渊源、宗教语境和文体意识而有所不同。初唐塔铭以骈体为主,开元之后散句和整饬句式增多,古文运动中出现的散体塔铭未取代骈体延续、骈散杂糅的局面;整体上唐五代塔铭常以庄重典雅的修辞语言进行宗教纪念,儒家思想等亦有文体修辞功能或评价功能。宋初情况依旧,偶有直书和骈体的合流;古文运动以降,散体塔铭更有历史性,序言较朴直平易,铭文文体意识更强,富于论辩策略、认同修辞意味的儒家思想深刻影响了材料取舍、详略安排、叙述语言和人物评价。辽金塔铭逐渐采用散体但少受儒家思想影响,又因唐代佛教和塔葬等宗教行为影响而将密语真言、启请或写有此类内容的幢记等文体与塔铭融合,别具指向未来的救赎文体特征。

The pagoda inscriptions in the Song,Liao and Jin Time originated from different backgrounds,religious contexts,and stylistic awareness.The pagoda inscriptions were mainly in the parallel style in the early Tang Dynasty and had more loose sentences and orderly sentences since the Kaiyuan Reign Period.The prosestyle pagoda inscriptions emerged during the Ancient Prose Movement,but did not replace the parallel-style pagoda inscriptions.As a result,there were pagoda inscriptions in both prose and parallel styles.Overall,the pagoda inscriptions in the Tang Dynasty and Five Dynasties were made for religious commemorations in any solemn and elegant rhetorical language.Confucianism also has the stylistic rhetoric or evaluation function.Such a situation continued in the early Song Dynasty,though there were documentary and parallel-style works occasionally.After the Ancient Prose Movement,parallel-style pagoda inscriptions became more historical,adopted simpler and more straightforward introduction words,and improved the stylistic awareness for inscriptions.Confucianism stresses argument strategy and recognizes rhetoric and thus has had profound influence on the materials selection,details and omissions arrangement,narrative language,and figure evaluation.The pagoda inscriptions in the Song,Liao and Jin Time gradually adopted the parallel style but were less influenced by Confucianism.Driven by the Tang Buddhism,pagoda burial,and other religious ways,the pagoda inscriptions were combined with cryptolalia&mantra,pray,or prose with similar contents and thus formed the stylistic features of future salvation type.