文献多样性与清代地方司法研究

The Diversity of Historical Documents and the Studies of Local Judicial Systems of the Qing Dynasty

当前涉及清代州县官司法裁判的研究主要存在三个问题:一是将个案视为一般;二是一些研究将判牍文集反映的司法理想视为实践;三是采用单一司法文献,仅探索了地方司法实践的某个侧面。涉及清代地方官司法裁判的文献多种多样,不同类型的文献多反映特定区域、特定时间下司法裁判的一个侧面,史料辨析对认识清代法制的真实状态至为重要。以"众端参观"的方式,综合参酌多种文献,方可接近清代州县官司法实践的常态。因此,清代司法实践之研究,需要以辨析相关史料为基础,从理论和方法上构建真实的司法场景。

There are three main problems in the current studies on county magistrates’judicial judgments in the Qing dynasty.The first one is to treat individual cases as general.The second is to confuse ideas embedded in judicial judgment texts with judicial practice in some studies.The third is to adopt a single judicial document,which only explores a certain aspect of local judicial practices.There are a variety of historical documents concerning judicial judgments of local officials in the Qing dynasty,and different types of documents mostly reflect one aspect of judicial judgments in a specific region at a specific time.It is crucial to discern the nature of these historical documents.In other words,only by making references to various types of historical documents and by a comprehensive review,we can approach a historical understanding of the normal state of judicial practices of the Qing dynasty at the county level.Therefore,we should reconstruct real judicial scenes theoretically and methodically based on textual analysis of relevant historical materials in the study of judicial practices in the Qing dynasty.