抗战时期“南明”语境的形成与史学表达

The Formation of“Southern Ming”as a Historical Reference during the Anti-Japanese War

由于抗战的爆发和流落西南的经历,大批知识分子对"南渡"有了切身体验,从而激发起对南明历史的普遍关注;社会上下形成了浓厚的"南明"语境,各阶层产生了强烈的历史代入感。不同政治力量都在南明史中寻找自己的历史镜像,以便在现实中作出相应的对策;而不同的学术派别受政治力量和个人观念的影响,对南明史进行了各自的史学表达。史实派以"史实呈现"为表达方式,史观派则以"史观引领"为表达方式。前者以南明帝王为中心,以纪传体为体裁,对南明史进行书写,把国家的命运寄托在政府身上;后者则以农民起义军为中心,以唯物史观、阶级分析为方法,对晚明—南明史进行论述,把民族的命运寄望于下层人民的革命。

After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War,a large number of Chinese intellectuals went into exile to the Southwest.They gained personal experience similar to the one that Chinese intellectuals had when they"crossed the river to the south"after the Manchu conquest.They became interested in the history of the Southern Ming dynasty,which was the regime founded by Ming loyalists in exile.This"Southern Ming discourse"became popular,and connected the experiences of various sectors in society to historical reference.Different political groups were looking for their own mirror images in Southern Ming history,so as to respond to what happened in reality.Different academic groups,influenced by political affiliations and personal ideas,forged their own historical narratives of Southern Ming history.The School of Historical Empiricism took"the presentation of historical facts"as its mode of narration,while the School of Historical Theories took"the guidance of historical views"as its mode of expression.The former placed the destiny of the country on government and focused on the emperors,writing the history of the southern Ming dynasty as biographies.The latter trusted the fate of the nation on the revolutions of the lower classes,and it centered on peasant rebellions by adopting historical materialism and class analysis to analyze the history of the late Ming and Southern Ming dynasty.