动物进化的抗冲击策略及其仿生机理研究

Research progress of impact-resistance strategies and biomimetic mechanism in animal evolution

经过长期的自然选择,自然界中的动物已经进化出各种各样高效的、可靠的、适应性强的抗冲击策略和机体防护机制,抵抗来自周围复杂环境的碰撞和冲击载荷,保护生物外部结构和内部器官在进行激烈生物活动时不受伤害.相比传统工程防护结构,这些天然的生物防御系统具有优异的抗冲击特性、高效的能量耗散效率以及可重复使用等特征.因此,近年来,关于探索生物及其仿生机理的研究越来越受到广大学者的关注.本文作者结合近期在该领域的研究成果,综述了自然界各类动物的抗冲击策略与身体防护机制及其相关仿生设计与应用的最新研究进展.特别地,我们归纳分析和讨论了面对不同载荷环境时生物抗冲击结构独特的进化过程和非凡的力学性能,并且介绍了相关的抗冲击仿生应用研究.最后,讨论了动物抗冲击策略与防护机制及其仿生应用研究的挑战和未来发展方向.本文可为研究人员和工程师提供有效的数据资料,为可重复使用能量吸收装置及其飞行器结构的抗冲击与防护设计提供有益借鉴和仿生依据.

After a long period of natural selection, animals in nature have evolved a variety of efficient,reliable, and adaptable impact-resistance strategies and body-protective mechanisms to resist impact loads from the complex environment they live in, protecting the organisms from injury when they carry out the intense biological activities. These naturally biological defensive systems are characterized by superiorly impact-resistance tolerance, highly energy-dissipated efficiency, and reusability compared to the traditional protective structures used in engineering. In recent years, more and more researchers have paid attention to the study on biomechanical behavior and biomimetic mechanism of organisms in resisting impact loading. In this paper, combining the recent studies in this field, we reviewed the latest research progress in impact-resistance strategies and body-protective mechanisms of various animals in nature and related bio-inspired designs and engineering applications. In particular, we summarized and discussed the unique evolutionary process and extraordinary mechanical properties of biological impactresistant structures under different loading environments and introduced the related investigations on the biomimetic applications in resisting impact loads. Finally, we analyzed the challenges and developments of the research on impact-resistance strategies and biomimetic mechanisms in animal evolution.This review provides practical data for researchers and engineers and offers a useful reference and bionic basis for the impact-resistance and protective designs of reusable energy absorption devices and aircraft structures.