日本“固有领土论”的话语建构——从“北方四岛/南千岛群岛”争端谈起

The Discourse Construction of Japan’s “Inherent Territory Theory”:Starting from the “Northern Territories/Southern Kuril Islands” Dispute

"固有领土论"是东亚国家特有的政治话语,二战后最早将"固有领土论"应用于领土问题的国家是日本,其是日本官方与民间行为体在冷战环境下为实现领土主张而人为建构的一套话语体系。"固有领土"话语最早出现在战后北海道的民间领土返还运动中,指代被苏联占领的北方四岛。在冷战背景下,为了在日苏谈判中实现"四岛返还"目标,日本政府于1955年建构出一套"固有领土论",并逐渐将"固有领土"升格为日本在日苏(俄)领土问题上的官方立场和固定用语。随后,日本政府又于1962年和1970年分别将"固有领土论"强加在日韩竹岛问题和中日钓鱼岛问题上。日本对该话语的阐释存在"自古以来"和"无主地先占+实效支配"两种逻辑,且在三个领土问题中使用"三重标准"。基于日本国会会议记录等历史资料,回溯"固有领土"一词在日本政治语境中的产生、演进、扩散过程可知,日本的"固有领土论"存在诸多破绽,近年来对日本领土政策的负面影响也日益凸显。

The"inherent territory theory"is a distinctive political discourse in East Asian countries. It was Japan who first applied the"inherent territory theory"to territorial issues after the end of WWII,which was artificially constructed by Japanese officials and civilian actors to fulfill their territorial claims in the historical context of Cold War. The term "inherent territory"first appeared in the postwar civilian territorial return movement in Hokkaido,referring to the Northern Territorials/Southern Kuril Islands occupied by the Soviet Union. In the context of Cold War,in order to realize the goal of regaining the four islands in the Japan-Soviet negotiations,the Japanese government constructed an"inherent territory theory"in 1955 and gradually upgraded it as Japan’s official standpoint and fixed expression of the Japan-Soviet( Russia) territorial dispute. Later, the Japanese government applied the theory to the Japan-Korea Takeshima/Dokdo dispute and China-Japan Diaoyu Islands dispute,respectively in 1962 and 1970. Japan interprets its theory with two rationales such as"since ancient times"and "occupation of terra nullius plus effective control",and it has a"triple standard"in the three territorial disputes with its neighouring countries. Based on historical document the Japanese National Diet and from the perspective of the term "inherent territory"in the Japanese political discourse,it can be discovered that Japan’s"inherent territory theory"has many flaws and has had a growing negative impact on Japan’s territorial policies in recent years.