某大型建设工程施工期间职业病危害识别与评价

Identification and evaluation of occupational hazards during construction of a large construction project

目的分析某大型建设项目施工期间存在的职业病危害因素及其关键控制点。方法对某大型建设项目进行工程分析、现场职业卫生调查和职业病危害因素检测,并对检测结果进行分析。结果该大型建设项目建设施工过程中存在矽尘、电焊烟尘、木粉尘、其他粉尘、锰的无机化合物、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、一氧化氮、臭氧、噪声、高温、手传振动和紫外辐照等多种职业病危害因素,其中以矽尘和噪声危害为主。工作场所矽尘总粉尘、呼吸性粉尘短时间接触浓度超标率分别为68.2%(15/22)和40.9%(9/22),时间加权平均浓度超标率分别为54.5%(12/22)和13.6%(3/22)。工作场所定点和个体采样的噪声强度超标率分别为69.2%(45/65)和61.0%(25/41)。检测3个手传振动岗位的4 h等能量频率计权振动加速度,结果均超标。高温、紫外辐照、木粉尘、电焊烟尘、其他粉尘、锰的无机化合物、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、一氧化氮、二氧化氮、硫化氢、氰化氢和臭氧的检测结果均低于职业接触限值。结论该大型建设项目施工期间产生的职业病危害因素种类多,以噪声、粉尘和手传振动危害最为突出,是该类建设项目的关键控制点。

Objective To analyze the occupational hazard factors and their critical control points in the process of construction of a large-scale construction project.Methods The engineering analysis,worksite survey occupational health and occupational hazard factor testing were conducted in a large-scale construction project,and the results were analyzed.Results During the process of construction of this large-scale construction project,there were many occupational hazard factors such as silicon dust,welding smoke,wood and other dusts,inorganic compounds of manganese,carbon monoxide,carbon dioxide,nitric oxide,ozone,noise,high temperature,hand-transmitted vibration and ultraviolet irradiation,among them,silicon dust and noise were the most common ones.The over standard rates of exposure concentration of short term of total dust and respirable dust in the workplace were 68.2%(15/22)and 40.9%(9/22),and the over standard rates of exposure concentration of time weighted average were 54.5%(12/22)and 13.6%(3/22),respectively.The over standard rates of the noise intensity of area sampling and personal sampling in workplace were 69.2%(45/65)and 61.0%(25/41)respectively.The four hours energy equivalent frequency-weighted acceleration to vibration of three hand-transmitted vibration positions has been detected,and the result has surpassed the occupational exposure limit.The results of other occupational hazard factors such as high temperature,ultraviolet radiation,wood dust,welding smoke,other dust,manganese inorganic compounds,carbon monoxide,carbon dioxide,nitric oxide,nitrogen dioxide,hydrogen sulfide,hydrogen cyanide and ozone all met the occupational exposure limits.Conclusion There are various occupational hazard factors in the process of construction of this large-scale construction project,among them,noise,dust and hand-transmitted vibration are the most prominent hazards.These hazards are the critical control points of this type of construction projects.