清前期徽州乡村社会秩序中的土地登记

Land Registration in the Rural Society of Huizhou in the Early Qing Dynasty

明清之际曾多次清丈土地,形成了多种形制、编号方式不同的鱼鳞图册。清前期所编鱼鳞图册基本延续明万历九年土地清丈,其中积步、四至等记载,既有得自撮抄旧册,也有通过纠纷、协商议定,难以视作经实地测量得来。多次清丈导致不同时期的多种土地字号并存、共用于乡村土地市场。土地交易依据鱼鳞图册确认土地权利时,必须与赋税册籍、契约文书、家谱等相互匹配,地权才能得到保障。这意味着清代乡村土地市场中,土地权利由不同来源的多种文献所形成的证据链共同确认。支撑这样的土地市场及其运作原则的,是由赋役制度与民间惯习共同嵌合、演化的社会秩序。

The yu-lin-tu-ce(fish scale map registers)is the core archive of the land survey and registration in Ming and Qing dynasties.The yu-lin-tu-ce was reedited several times during Ming and Qing dynasties in Huizhou prefecture.The different formats and numbering systems were made for the same land during the process.A compare study suggested that the yu-lin-tu-ce edtied in early Qing dynasty mostly adopted the registration information of late Ming dynasty.The information of the land survey was a result of the a series of negoation of different social groups and the local governments.It was suggested that the yu-lin-tu-ce was not the real land survey.the authority and trust of the yu-lin-tu-ce was embedded in a network of archives of the land tax system,the land deeds and the genealogies,that meant the structure and the rule of the rural land markets in Qing dynasty were embedded in a system combined by the imperial Chinese fiscal institution and the customary economy.