北朝维摩诘造像形态的演变

Evolution of Vimalakirti Statues in the Northern Dynasties

维摩诘造像是魏晋南北朝佛教美术的重要类型。北朝最早在十六国时期零星出现菩萨或佛陀形态的维摩诘造像,但未形成定式,且很快被南朝传入的,以玄学名士为原型的同类造像取代。本文结合北朝佛教崇尚禅修、南朝佛教崇尚义理的信仰分野,梳理在南朝传入的同类造像影响下北朝维摩诘造像形态演变的大致轨迹,揭示南北佛教间的互动。在此基础上,本文探究在接受、汲取南朝维摩诘造像过程中,北朝佛教造像如何消弭自身禅修传统与南朝义理风尚之间的差异,并与后者渐趋融合,最终促成禅(禅修)智(义理)兼弘的格局。

Vimalakirti statue is a significant category of Buddhist art in Wei,Jin and the Southern and Northern Dynasties of ancient China.Vimalakirti statues in the forms of a bodhisattva or buddha occurred occasionally since the period of the Sixteen Kingdoms,but with no widely accepted image.They were introduced to the Southern Dynasty soon and replaced by similar statues that took famous scholars in Neo-Taoism as the prototype.Combining the gap in beliefs between the Buddhism in Northern Dynasties which advocated meditation and that in the Southern Dynasties which advocated reasoning,this article summarizes the overall progress in the evolution of Vimalakirti statues in the Northern Dynasties under the influence of similar statues imported from the Southern Dynasties,and reveals their interactions.On that basis,the article studies how Buddhist statues in the Northern Dynasties eliminated the differences between its own focus on meditation and that of the Southern Dynasties on reasoning during the process of accepting and learning from the Vimalakirti statues in the Southern Dynasties,in gradually fuse the two into a combined landscape of Zen(meditation)and Wise(reasoning).