中国古代文人对“三农”的情感态度初探

A Preliminary Study on the Emotional Attitude of Ancient Chinese Literati to“Agriculture,Rural Areas and Farmers”

文人阶层是中国古代社会特有的文化群体。作为传统农业社会的一分子,中国古代文人必然受到来自“三农”的强烈影响。有赖于其时全社会“重农”“敬农”的整体氛围,“三农”及其相关问题的阐发讨论在他们所创作的文学艺术作品中有大量呈现:(1)文人官僚作为统治阶级的一部分天然地站在利于国家运转的宏观角度,他们对作为社会经济基础的“三农”及其相关问题给予高度的重视,借助作品“劝农”,如陶渊明《劝农》组诗、戏曲《牡丹亭》之《劝农》一出;(2)面对身负重压却仍勤恳劳作的古代农民,感性的古代文人会自然而然地发出同情、怜惜之感,是为《田草赋》等“悯农”文艺作品的精神根源;(3)文人群体中也不乏信奉“士农一体”“耕读传家”者,如陶渊明《归园田居》与谢灵运《山居赋》中所描绘的那般,这类选择“事农”的文人所创作的作品能“零距离”体现出古代“三农”的真实面貌。

The literati class is a unique cultural group in ancient Chinese society.As members of traditional agricultural society,the ancient Chinese literati are strongly influenced by“Agriculture,Rural Areas and Farmers”.This phenomenon,which is based on the overall atmosphere of“Respecting Farming”and“Emphasizing Agriculture”of the whole society at that time,in their creations of literature and art,also has diverse presentations.Literati officials as part of the ruling class will naturally stand in the country of operation as the foundation of society in the view of macro problem of“Agriculture,Rural Areas and Farmers”and attach great importance to it,and with the aid of works“Encourage Farming”,such as Tao Yuanming’s Encouraging Farming poems,the opera Peony Pavilion:Encouraging Farming.When facing the ancient farmers who are under heavy pressure but still working hard,the sensitive literati will show sympathy and pity,which is the spiritual root of“Commiserating with the Farmers”such as Grass in Fields.Of course,there are also many literati who believe in“the Integration of Reading and Farming”and“Family Inheritance of Farming and Reading”.Therefore,the works of these literati who choose to“Be Engaged in Agricultural Work”can best reflect the real appearances of“Agriculture,Rural areas and Farmers”in ancient times,just like those written in Tao Yuanming’s Return to Nature and Xie Lingyun’s Ode to Mountain Residence.