人工智能的国际伦理原则探讨:聚焦隐私和数据保护问题

Exploring the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence with a Focus on the Issue of Privacy and Data Protection

如何考量人工智能带来的潜在风险?人类机构和以人为本的价值观在人工智能发展中应该发挥什么样的作用?人工智能作为21世纪最有影响的一项科技创新,在某种程度上说已然成为当今时代的隐形把关人和隐形决策者。如何使人工智能的发展符合人性化价值,巩固人的尊严和自由并增进社会的可持续发展,这是一个巨大的现实挑战,首要解决的是人工智能的伦理问题。人工智能的伦理问题引发国际社会的强烈关注,许多国际组织、国家、业界和各方机构出台了数百份人工智能伦理原则和倡议文件。本文综述了近年来全球范围和国家层面代表性的机构和代表性的文件来归纳人工智能伦理原则制定的主要维度,同时聚焦各方共同关注的隐私保护问题,结合全球新冠肺炎疫情(COVID-19)防治带来的危机,从技术、国际法标准、国家层面隐私保护框架/指标、儿童隐私保护等多个角度,探讨人工智能时代隐私保护的挑战、风险和对策。

How to assess the potential risks of the Artificial Intelligence(AI)?What should be the role of human agency and humanistic values in shaping the development of AI?As a most influential technological innovation in the 21st century,AI has become an invisible gate keeper and decision maker to cer-tain extent in the modern societies.It remains a substantial challenge to ensure the development of AI following humanistic values,enhancing human dignity and freedoms,as well as advancing the sustainable development of human socie-ties.To tack this challenge,what comes first is to address the ethics of AI.The issue of AI ethics has gained high level attention from the international society.Hundreds of instruments and documents on the AI ethics have been being developed by the international organizations,national actors,industry and multi-stakeholder actors.This article provides an overview of the existing AI ethics standard setting initiatives and summarizes the major dimensions and principles which emerged from these initiatives.Based on this overview,the article identifies one shared concern of all actors in AI ethics being the privacy and data protection.Furthermore,the article sheds more lights on the issue of privacy and data protection through examining the multiple challenges and risks in the recent context of countering COVID-19 pandemic and possible responses from a number of perspectives of technology,international law,national privacy protection framework/indicators as well as children's privacy.