低冰粘附力涂层的设计与制备技术研究进展

Research Progress in the Design and Fabrication Technology of Low-Ice-Adhesion Coatings

基于飞机快速、高效除冰的目的,设计与制备低冰粘附力的涂层,以期实现较低(甚至超低)的冰层粘附强度,减轻对现有高能耗主动防/除冰技术的依赖程度。总结了现有疏冰涂层的发展历程,基于不同涂层的防覆冰机理,以冰粘附性能或除冰外力作为主要技术指标来评估涂层的防/除冰性能,依次阐明了超疏水涂层、超润滑涂层和低界面韧性涂层的除冰机理,具体介绍了三者的疏水/冰效果,对比分析了各自的优劣性。其中重点阐述了低界面韧性涂层大面积除冰的优势,即在大面积结冰条件下,以冰层剪切粘附强度定义的(超)疏冰涂层材料,其除冰外力都受限于结冰面积,随着结冰面积的增加而成比例增加。但新型的低界面韧性涂层通过诱导材料表面萌生固-冰界面微裂纹,降低其界面断裂韧性,使得微裂纹在较低的除冰外力(甚至冰层自身重力)作用下快速扩展,从而实现冰层脱离。以此总结了设计、制备新型(超)疏冰涂层的方法,展望了低冰粘附力涂层在防/除冰领域的发展方向。

Based on the purpose of rapidly and efficiently de-icing of aircrafts,it is necessary to design and prepare the coatings with low(or even ultra-low)ice adhesion,and reduce the dependence degree on the high energy consumption anti-icing/de-icing technology.The development history of existing icephobic coatings is summarized.Based on the anti-icing mechanism of different coatings,the ice adhesion performance is used as a main technical indicator to evaluate the anti-icing/de-icing ability of the coatings.The de-icing mechanism of hydrophobic coatings,super lubricating coatings and low-interfacial toughness coatings are successively clarified,the hydrophobic/icephobic effect of the three are specifically introduced,and their respective advantages and disadvantages are compared and analyzed.It focuses on the advantages of large-scale deicing of low-interfacial toughness coatings,that is,when facing large-scale icing conditions,the(super)icephobic coatings defined by the shear adhesion strength are limited by the icing area from the viewpoint of de-icing external force,which increases proportionally with the increase of the icing area.However,the low-interfacial toughness coatings can induce the formation of micro-cracks between the coatings and ice interface and reduce the interface fracture toughness.This allows the micro-cracks to rapidly expand under the action of low de-icing force(even the ice layer’s own gravity),thereby making the ice layer to be detached from the solid surface.In this way,the methods of designing and preparing a new type of(super)icephobic coating are summarized,and the development directions of low-ice adhesion coating in the field of anti-icing/de-icing are prospected.