行为科学与社会工程:斯金纳的技术治理思想

Behavioral Science and Social Engineering:the Technical Governance Theory of B.F.Skinner

斯金纳是20世纪最著名的心理学家之一,他的行为主义心理学理论包含一整套用行为科学方法来控制人类行为的行为技术,以及总体设计而逐步实施的文化设计理论,并设想名为“瓦尔登湖第二”的技术治理乌托邦。他的行为主义立场、行为控制方法以及文化设计理论,启发性很强,但也存在诸多问题。斯金纳的社会改造方案并非典型意义的技治主义乌托邦,他的行为主义立场、行为控制方法以及文化设计理论,是美国历史文化的传承,具有很强的清教主义情绪和乌托邦传统,极度推崇理想化的科学技术,启发性很强;但也存在诸多问题,如将价值并归于事实,无视人的价值与尊严,使每个人彻底原子化等。斯金纳的社会改造方案并非典型意义的技治主义乌托邦,属于技术治理“个体改造路径”,有一定的现实意义,但必须谨慎选择和实施,避免忽略意义工程。

B.F.Skinner was one of the most famous psychologists in the 20 th century.His behavioral psychology includes a series of behavioral technology which could be used to control human’s behavior,a cultural design theory which is designed as a whole but enforced gradually,and a technocracy utopia entitled‘Walden Two’.His behaviorism,behavior control method and cultural design theory are not only greatly heuristic,but also have many problems.Actually Skinner’s schedule of social reform which belongs to“individual reform route”is not a typical technocracy utopia,but is still of some practical significance,and still should be chosen and enforced carefully.