基于结构方程模型的既有住区适老化改造研究--以湖北省宜昌市为例

Research on the Existing Residential Areas Reform for the Elderly using the Structural Equation Model:Yichang City,Hubei Province,as a Case Study

我国社会人口老龄化形势日趋严峻,未来居家养老在我国养老发展格局中仍将占据主导,现有的老旧小区将成为居家养老生活的重要载体。以宜昌市地区为例,构建适用于既有住区适老化现状及需求评价的社区适老化程度指标体系。并在此基础上选取宜昌市7个典型社区中老年居民开展问卷调研和上门走访,结合调研数据通过因子分析法确定研究变量的权重,构建适合宜昌本地的既有社区适老化改造评估的结构方程模型。最后根据各项指标排序,选取室内空间、无障碍改造和健康管理等权重排名靠前、对居家养老幸福感效应最显著的因素,对宜昌既有社区提出了建筑改造、信息化方面的适宜性改造技术策略。

The population of aging persons in China is becoming increasingly serious.In the future,home-based elderly care will still dominate the development pattern of China's elderly care,and the existing old community will become an important carrier of home care life.It has become an urgent problem to properly solve the imbalance between the supply and demand of elderly care products and services and fully satisfy the elderly's needs for elderly care.This study conducts field research to understand the physical and psychological needs of the elderly residents in typical communities in Yichang City,combined with the current status of the elderly’s living environment.We propose hardware and software environmental renovation plans for indoor spaces and public areas,respectively,to upgrade the aging-appropriate level of the old communities,improve the quality of life and well-being of the elderly,promote urban renewal and improve people’s livelihood and other purposes.Based on the data regression results of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study(CHARLS),relevant domestic and foreign literature,and relevant policy standards and industry norms,there are six aspects that should be analysed in the paper.These are indoor space,public areas,barrier-free facilities,environmental sensory,health management,and social participation.New perspectives,such as environmental fitness and health assessment,are introduced,and a community aging-appropriate index system suitable for the aging status quo and demand evaluation of existing settlements is constructed.Then,empirical research is conducted by taking Yichang City as an example and selecting middle-aged and elderly residents in seven typical communities to conduct questionnaire surveys and door-to-door visits.According to the sampling number calculation method,a total of 205 valid questionnaires were recovered by randomly selected elderly and middle-aged residents in the selected communities.After completing the reliability and validity analyses of the questionnaire,we confirm the weight of the research variables through confirmatory factor analysis methods.We construct a structural equation model suitable for the evaluation of the aging-appropriate transformation of the existing local communities.Finally,according to the ranking of various indicators,the factors that rank high in weight,such as indoor space,barrier-free renovation and health management,which has the most significant effect on the happiness of home care,are selected.The appropriate renovation technology strategy is proposed.An index system for the degree of aging-appropriate of existing communities is put forward in the paper,including four levels,six dimensions and 23 factors.In accordance with 13 theoretical assumptions,a structural equation model for the aging-appropriate community is constructed.The path analysis results show that the main influence paths of aging-appropriate evaluation are‘accessible facilities-sensory elements-indoor space-home care happiness’and‘accessible facilities-public areas-health management-home care happiness’.Based on the weight analysis results,it can be seen that sensory elements,indoor space,barrier-free facilities,health management and other factors play a relatively important role.Among these,indoor space has the greatest direct effect on the happiness of home care,and sensory elements have the greatest indirect effect on happiness.The renovation proposals for the indoor and outdoor hardware,software and other aspects are put forward in the paper.These proposals rely on the above results,combined with the feasibility of local existing communities renovation in Yichang City,according to the top weight indicators,such as sensory elements,indoor space,and barrier-free facilities,and based on the health management innovation factors.