“二律背反”视域下的孔子入仕之路——以《史记·孔子世家》为中心

Confucius’Way to Become an Official From the Perspective of“Antinomy”:Focusing on Historical Records of Confucius Family

为了实现“老者安之,朋友信之,少者怀之”的理想[1]205,孔子早年开始参与政治生活,虽然其主张不被采纳,但秉承“苟有用我者”的政治自信和“斯文在兹”的文化自信积极从政,彰显着积极入世的情怀;中年孔子周游列国十四载,身处困厄之境,陷入“吾道非邪”的自我怀疑和“莫能宗予”的自我否定的状态,他亦保持“知其不可为而为之”的自信心态,乐观从容地面对困境;晚年孔子的主张始终未被时代所接纳,他继而修订六经,力图恢复时代所断裂的文化和礼乐制度。究其一生,孔子交织于出世和入世、自我怀疑和乐观自信、生不逢时和生逢其时的矛盾中,但始终以积极入世的决心,以乐观自信的心态,以生逢其时的姿态正道前行。

In order to realize the ideal of“old people get comfort,friends trust each other,children get care”,Confucius began to participate in political life in his early years.Although his idea was rejected,he also upheld the political confidence and cultural confidence to actively follow the politics and showed his feelings of positive entry into the political stratum;in the middle age,he had been traveling to other countries for 14 years.In the predicament,Confucius fell into the self-doubt of“I am not evil”and the self-denial of“no one follows my lead”.He also maintained the self-confidence of“knowing the trends cannot be turned back and still want to do it”and faced the dilemma with optimism and ease;Confucius’s ideas were never accepted in his later years,then he revised the six classics,trying to restore the broken culture and ritual music system.It can be said that Confucius lives in the contradictions between taking offices and acting as hermit,self-doubt and optimistic self-confidence,born at the wrong times or the proper times.However,Confucius always struggles for the ideals,with the determination of positive accession to the world,optimistic and confident attitude.