论作为新兴权利的容错免责权:基础与证成

The Right of Fault Tolerance and Liability Exemption as a Rising Right:Right Foundation and Right Justification

在经验层面,权利可以被视为人类在不断犯错过程中为了避免错误再犯所形成的一种稳定措施,由此“错误”构成了权利产生的前提性要素,相应地,试错权和犯错权就成为一般权利得以产生的两大前提性、基础性权利,二者间既相互作用又互相支撑。享有犯错权的主体既包括一般意义上的“私主体”,又包括以政府官员为中心的“公主体”,后者以容错免责权为典型,是一种“合法化”意义上的制度性权利。在终极意义上,容错免责权的新兴权利证成过程就是证明该权利与其社会能够形成价值共容的过程:在“权利之新”的维度上,容错免责权的权利主体和权利客体能够充分满足社会的价值期待;在“利益主张的权利化”的维度上,容错免责权能够形成“共同善”,具有充分的社会共识基础并具备足够的现实可行性。

In the empirical domain,the right can be seen as a kind of stable means by human beings in the process of trial and error to prevent the error happening again.Hence,'error' constitutes the base of right generation,ac cordingly,the right of trial and error and the rights to err constitute the base of right in general.The subjects of the right to err include‘private person subject’and‘public power subject’.Especially the latter,we can find that the right of fault tolerance and liability exemption is a typical‘public power subject’right which is also a kind of institutional right in the sense of legality.In the ultimate sense,the rising right justification of the right of fault tolerance and liability exemption is to justify the right of fault tolerance and liability exemption compatible with the whole society’s mainstream values in the dimension of‘rising’right and rising‘right'.