甲骨文中两组义近祭名辨析

Analysis of Two Groups of Near-synonym Sacrifice Names in Oracle Bone Inscriptions

论文就甲骨文“祭”与“祀”、“告”与“[册口]”两组义近祭名进行辨析。研究发现,“祭”主要用作祭名,为某种祭祀方式的专称;“祀”超过一半的用例为纪年词,近于一半的用例是祭名,为祭祀方式的通称。从分别由二者构成的先秦复音词语来看;含“祭”的词语较含“祀”的多,但随着词义的演变,偏正式合成词“祭祀”的使用逐渐盛行,“祭”的专名性得以泛化,变成了与“祀”一样的通称,“祭祀”最终成为并列式合成词。“告”“[册口]”为近义词,统言之无别,均为告祭;析言之则“告”指报告、禀告,重在口头,“[册口]”则指称册以告,重在书面。二者带祭祀对象时,语法形式也有差异,“[册口]”后一般直接加神祇;但是“告”往往作“告于某神祖”,不加介词“于”是少数。就其宾语来看,“[册口]”多是册告用牲情况,而“告”多是告祭事由。此外,“告”祭中所用祭牲包含牛、羊、豭、豰牲,以牛为主要祭牲,且以一头牛为常,见到最多的告祭用牛九头;“[册口]”祭中所用祭牲数量大、规格高,既有物牲,又有人牲。

It is found that ji is mainly used as the name of sacrifice, which is a special name for a certain way of sacrifice;More than half of the use cases of si are chronological words, and nearly half of the use cases are sacrificial names, which are general terms of sacrificial ways. From the pre-Qin polysyllabic words composed of the ji and si, there are more words containing ji(祭) than si(祀). However, with the evolution of the meaning of the words, the use of the modified compound word jisi(祭祀) gradually prevails. The proper name of ji has been generalized and has become the same general name as si. Finally, jisi has become a parallel compound word. Gao and ce are synonyms, which are similar to each other in general sense;but specifically, gao refers to report, focusing on oral, while ce refers to written report, focusing on written. When gao and ce bring sacrificial objects, their grammatical forms are also different;However, the word ce is followed a certain god generally, while gao is often used in "gao +yu(于) +a certain god" and add the preposition yu usually. As far as their objects are concerned, most objects of ce refer to the use of animals, while most objects of gao refer to the cause of sacrifice. In addition, the sacrificial animals used in gao sacrifice include cattle, sheep, male pigs, and livestock cubs;cattle are the main sacrificial animals, and one cattle is the common one, nine cattle are the most in the gao sacrificial cases. While the sacrificial objects used in ce sacrifice are large in quantity and high in standard, including both animals and human beings.