论景泰时期太学教育的文风转向以吴节“以古文为时文”之倡导为中心

The Turn of Literature Education in Imperial College in Jingtai Period——Centering on Wu Jie’s Advocacy of“Serving Eight-Legged Essay by Ancient Prose”

在明代太学的文学教育史上,景泰时期南国子监祭酒吴节的主张值得特别留意。他在《大学条约》中倡导“以左、马、韩、欧之笔力,而写周程、张、朱之名理”,一反明初以来排斥辞章的官学教育指向,率先承认太学生修习笔力的必要性,鼓励其在作文时适当修辞,在太学教育中首倡“以古文为时文”之风。吴节此说,与景泰时期时文创作日益讲求语言曲折错综的趋向相照应,同时也符合士子尊崇古文的文化心理,不悖明廷重视古文的文学观念,具有可行性。“以古文为时文”观念的推行,也暗示着明代“士大夫之学”的内涵与外延正在变易。

During Jingtai(1450-1457) reign,Wu Jie,the president of the Nanjing imperial college,put forward the idea of combining the rhetoric of "Zuo,Ma,Han,Ou" with the thoughts of "Zhou,Cheng,Zhang,Zhu". This is a particularly noteworthy phenomenon in the education of the imperial college in the Ming Dynasty. Wu Jie’s claim recognized the necessity of studying rhetoric,and he first advocated the idea of "serving eight-legged essay by ancient prose" in the imperial college. His theory corresponded to the requirements of the eight-legged essay writing at this stage.Furthermore,it was in line with scholars’ psychology of respecting ancient culture,and did not violate the literary claims of the court.The proposal of this theory implies that people’s understanding of what knowledge scholars should have was changing.