从华丽自然到平淡自然——才性观与文论中“自然”概念的转变

From Gorgeousness to Plainness:The Transformation of the Concept of Talent and the Concept of"Nature"

在六朝文学批评中,“自然"本包括“华丽”的义项。以《文心雕龙》为代表的六朝文论,从生成论的角度,认为作者性情自然外铄成文即是自然的文章,同时受郭象独化论的影响,认为作者的性情不同,有繁缛之才者,写作华丽之文即为自然。到了宋代,新儒家心性理论认为“性”出于天道,为万物共有而能包容万物,其风格表现为虚静平淡,是所有人所要追求的最终目标,而文章为性情所发则为自然,因此到了宋代,“平淡”风格逐渐成为“自然”之文的最高标准。六朝人认为谢灵运诗风“自然”,指的是华丽的自然而非平淡的自然。

In the literary criticism of the Six Dynasties,the concept of "nature" originally included the meaning of "gorgeousness". The essays of the Six Dynasties,represented by The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons,believed that a literary work was"natural"if it expressed the author’s natural temperament. It is natural for those who have different temperaments to write gorgeous texts. This view was based on the theory of "Du Hua" represented by Guo Xiang’s "Notes on Zhuangzi". In the Song Dynasty,"plainness" gradually became the main meaning of "nature",because Song Neo-Confucianism believed that "nature" was born out of the way of "Tao",and was the main purpose of all things. "Nature" can embrace all things,so its characteristics are manifested as emptiness and plainness. The ultimate goal of every person’s cultivation is to achieve this"nature". The article is issued by the author’s natural temperament,so the pursuit of the plain style also became a requirement for the author. The meaning of "nature" varied in different times,resulting in different evaluations of the writer.