增材制造技术制备纯钨的研究现状及展望

Current situation and prospect of pure tungsten fabricated by additive manufacturing

钨具有高熔点、高热导率、低溅射等优点,已广泛应用于航空航天、医疗设备、武器装备等尖端领域。但较高的熔点和低温脆性使得其不适合采用传统铸造及机加工成形,尤其是传统的烧结技术制造存在密度低、强度低等缺点,而增材制造技术既可以避免钨加工过程中的低温脆断,又可以满足制备复杂结构的要求,将成为制造纯钨的有效方法之一。综述了激光选区熔化技术和电子束选区熔化技术两种增材制造技术制造纯钨的原理、发展现状及存在问题,分析讨论增材制造技术在纯钨制造中的巨大发展潜力和良好应用前景,包括增材过程中热循环的监测及控制、研究材料形态的多样化、结合拓扑优化技术,实现结构优化和先进制造的一体化。

Tungsten has been widely used in aerospace,medical equipment,weapons and other cutting-edge fields because of its high melting point,high thermal conductivity,low sputtering and other advantages.However,high melting point and low temperature brittleness make tungsten unsui-table for traditional casting and machining.In particular,traditional sintering technology has the disadvantages of low density and low strength.Additive manufacturing technology can not only avoid low temperature brittle fracture in tungsten processing,but also meet the requirements of preparing complex structure.Therefore,additive manufacturing techno-logy will become one of the effective methods for manufac-turing pure tungsten.In this paper,the principle,develop-ment status and existing problems of two additive manufac-turing technologies(selective laser cladding,electron beam selective melting)for manufacturing pure tungsten are sum-marized.This paper analyzes and discusses the great development potential and good application prospect of additive manufacturing technology in pure tungsten manufac-turing,including the monitoring and control of thermal cycle in additive process,the diversification of material morphology,and the integration of structure optimization and advanced manufacturing combined with topology optimization technology.