出口竞争与国有企业生产率

Export Competition and the Productivity of State-owned Enterprises

在深化国有企业改革背景下,发挥出口竞争的作用对深化国有企业改革有着积极作用。本文纳入政府行为、出口产品再配置和企业创新行为机制,建立出口竞争影响企业生产率的理论分析框架,并利用中国工业企业数据、海关企业出口数据以及中国企业专利数据等微观数据,实证检验了出口竞争对制造业国有企业生产率的影响及相应作用机制,同时比较分析了出口竞争影响非国有企业生产率机制的差异。研究结果表明:出口竞争对国有企业生产率未产生影响,而出口竞争对非国有企业生产率起到了微小促进作用,且与发达国家情况差距明显;机制分析显示,有别于非国有企业,在出口竞争程度提高时,国有企业在接受政府补贴、出口产品再配置、企业研究开发费用以及不同类型专利申请等方面明显有别于非国有企业,从而导致出口竞争无法有效提高国有企业生产率,并造成出口竞争对非国有企业生产率起到微小促进作用。异质性分析发现,出口竞争对高出口强度、就业扩张的国有企业生产率呈现微小的促进作用;由于企业自身生产率增幅(企业内效应)和新进入出口市场的高生产率国企(企业进入效应)的显著减少,近年来出口国有企业生产率增幅出现大幅下降。反事实分析发现,发挥出口竞争对国有企业生产率的促进作用,并达到发达国家的促进程度时,能够明显提升我国制造业生产率增幅。

Under the background of deepening the reform of state-owned enterprises,it has a positive role to play the role of export competition in deepening the reform of state-owned enterprises.In this paper,the government behavior,export product reallocation and enterprise innovation behavior mechanism are included,and the theoretical analysis framework of export competition affecting enterprise productivity is established,At the same time,the paper compares and analyzes the differences of export competition affecting the productivity mechanism of non-state-owned enterprises.The results show that:export competition has no effect on the productivity of state-owned enterprises,while export competition plays a small role in promoting the productivity of non-state-owned enterprises in manufacturing industry,and the gap is obvious with developed countries;mechanism analysis shows that,unlike non-state-owned enterprises,when the level of export competition increases,State-owned enterprises are significantly different from non-state-owned enterprises in terms of government subsidies,export product reallocation,enterprise research and development costs and different types of patent applications,which leads to the failure of export competition to effectively improve the productivity of state-owned enterprises,and causes export competition to play a small role in promoting the productivity of non-state-owned enterprises.Heterogeneity analysis found that,export competition plays a small role in promoting the productivity of state-owned enterprises with high export intensity and employment expansion.Due to the significant reduction of the productivity growth of enterprises themselves(internal effect)and the high productivity state-owned enterprises newly entering the export market(enterprise entry effect),the productivity growth of export state-owned enterprises has declined significantly in recent years.The counterfactual analysis finds that export competition plays a significant role when competition promotes the productivity of state-owned enterprises and reaches the level of developed countries,it can significantly improve the level of productivity growth of China's manufacturing industry.