侨易学视角看萨克斯诗剧《以利》背后的思想迁变

Ideological Change in Nelly Sachs’s Eli from the Perspective of Qiao-Yiology

诺贝尔文学奖得主、瑞典女诗人奈丽·萨克斯出生于德国,其前半生一直生活在柏林。和许多与她拥有共同背景的犹太人后裔一样,直到纳粹上台后迫害这一族群开始,她才惊讶地发现自己竟然成为了要被"清洗掉"的对象,从而不得不接受外界对其身份的简单粗暴、非人性地划分。而这种以种族灭绝为目的的分类残忍地将早已融入本土生活的犹太人与其自身过去活生生地撕裂,整个过程充斥着极端的精神痛苦。萨克斯在她的诗剧《以利》中虚构了一个中世纪的故事,以此影射现实中包括她自己在内的犹太人后裔的这场不幸遭遇。诗人被迫从德国流亡瑞典,虽然侥幸得以保全了性命,但精神世界的创伤却始终不曾愈合。她在犹太教神秘主义思想中寻求慰藉,其作品并没有对血腥灾难进行直观地描述,而是忠实地记录下了诗人产生精神质变的历程。以地理位置的移动与思想文化的流动作为考察对象的侨易学由事物的不断迁移变化中构建出了一条"二元三维"的方法论"大道",探寻因"侨"致"易"的因果过程,为科学研究提供了一种新的思路。本文正是将侨易学理论应用到文学研究领域的一次粗浅尝试,试图从侨易的视角发现《以利》中不同信仰的碰撞所激发出的艺术火花,以及想象与现实在文学创作中的交互往来,以期由此能够明确,神秘主义对诗人及其作品产生了何种程度的影响。

Nelly Sachs,the Swedish poetess who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1966,was born in Germany and lived in Berlin for the first half of her life.Like many of Jewish descent,it was only after the Nazis came to power that she was surprised to find herself the object of a"purge"and forced to accept a crude and inhuman division of her identity.This genocidal classification brutally tore Jews who had already integrated into the local life from their own past,and the whole process was full of extreme spiritual suffering.In Sachs’s poetic drama Eli,she invented a medieval story to allude to the misfortune of Jews,including herself.The poetess was forced into exile from Germany to Sweden.Although she was lucky to be able to save her own life,the spiritual wound never healed.To seek spiritual consolation,she turned to Jewish mysticism.Her works did not directly describe the bloody disaster,but faithfully recorded the process of the poetess’s spiritual transformation.Taking the movement of geographical position and the flow of ideology and culture as the object of investigation,Qiao-Yiology has constructed a methodological"avenue"of"binary and three-dimensional"from the constant migration and change of things,and explored the causal process from"Qiao"to"Yi,"thus providing a new way of thinking for scientific research.This paper is a brief attempt to apply the theory of Qiao-Yiology to the field of literary studies,trying to find the artistic spark aroused by the collision of different beliefs in Eli from the perspective of Qiao-Yiology,as well as the interaction between imagination and reality in literary creation,so as to be able to define the extent to which mysticism has influenced the poetess and her works.