博物馆“自由选择学习”概念的形成及其述评

Forming and Commenting of the Concept"Free-Choice Learning"of the Museum

学习,通常会在多重环境中发生,且伴随每一个体的整个生命历程。20世纪80年代,随着正规教育领域“由教到学”的哲学转向波及至博物馆领域,以约翰·福尔克(John H.Falk)为代表的学者在探讨环境教育的基础上,创建了一个全新概念“自由选择学习(free-choice environmental learning)”。这一概念的创建大致经历了3个阶段,指的是学习者在很大程度上选择和控制他们学习什么、什么时候学习以及为什么学习的学习体验。此概念中的“学习”一词并非传统意义的学习,并且相较于同类概念,“自由选择学习”概念无论是在教育性质的揭示,还是教育价值的表达上都具备独特优势。美国的学习创新研究所在自由选择学习领域成果丰硕,并推动此概念在国内外传播且影响甚大。如何在博物馆环境中开展最好的学习,目前依然没有清晰的认知。未来研究可以从学习者个体、博物馆机构和整体教育资源3个维度予以拓展和加深。

Learning often occurs in multiple environments,and companies the whole life process of an individual.In the 1980s,with the transferring of the philosophy"From Teaching to Learning"in the normal education field involving in the museum field,scholars,represented by John H.Falk,created a brand new concept"free-choice learning/free-choice environmental learning"on the basis of probing into the environmental education.The establishment of the concept generally went through 3 stages,referring to"learning experiences where the learner exercises a large degree of choice and control over the what,when,and why of learning—play a major role in lifelong learning".The learning in this concept is not the learningin the traditional manner,and compared with the homogeneous concepts,"free-choice learning"features uniquely whether in the disclosure of the educational property,or in the expression of the value of education.The innovative researches on learning of the United States have been fruitful in the field of free-choice learning,promoting the communication of the concept at home and abroad with great impact.But currently there is still no clear perception on how to carry out the best learning in the museum.The future researches can be explored and deepened in three dimensions on the learning individual,museum institutions and overall educational resources.