生物有机肥替代化肥对小麦根际土壤环境的影响

Effects of Replacing Chemical Fertilizers with Bio-organic Fertilizers on Microenvironment of Wheat Rhizosphere Soil

为探明生物有机肥替代化肥对小麦根际土壤生物学特性及产量的影响,通过田间试验,采用生理生化手段、高通量测序技术和产量调查,分析生物有机肥替代化肥对小麦根际土壤养分、土壤酶活、根际土壤细菌群落结构和小麦产量的影响。结果表明,生物有机肥合理替代化肥,土壤养分含量与酶活均有增加的趋势,且化肥减量10%+生物有机肥处理效果最佳,与常规施肥相比,土壤有机质、总氮、速效磷、速效钾含量和土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、中性磷酸酶活性分别提高了17.4%,12.4%,16.2%,19.2%和19.0%,9.7%,18.3%。高通量分析发现,生物有机肥替代10%,20%化肥后,鞘氨醇单胞菌属、溶杆菌属、硝化螺旋菌属、马赛菌属等一些具有生物防治与促生作用的功能菌属出现明显的富集现象;冗余分析结果显示,土壤中的环境因子与根际土壤细菌群落结构密切相关。生物有机肥替代10%,20%化肥后,小麦产量分别增加9.3%,4.4%。因此,生物有机肥合理替代化肥可提高土壤酶活性和土壤养分含量,增强土壤的可持续生产力,是目前改变高投入、高污染农业生产方式的主要手段。

To study the effect of replacing chemical fertilizers with bio-organic fertilizers on the biological characteristics of wheat rhizosphere soil and yield,field experiments were conducted to study the effects of organic substitution of chemical fertilizers on wheat rhizosphere soil nutrients,soil enzyme activities,rhizosphere soil bacterial community structure and wheat yield,by the use of physiological and biochemical means,high-throughput sequencing technology and yield survey.The results showed that bio-organic fertilizer reasonably replaces chemical fertilizers,soil nutrient contents and enzyme activities had an increasing trend,and chemical fertilizer reduction 10%+biological organic fertilizer treatment had the best effect.Compared with conventional fertilization,soil organic matter(SOM)and total nitrogen(TN),available phosphorus(AP),available potassium(AK)content and soil urease(S-UE),invertase(S-SC),neutral phosphatase(S-NP)activities increased by 17.4%,12.4%,16.2%,19.2%and 19.0%,9.7%,18.3%,respectively.High-throughput analysis found that after bio-organic fertilizers replaced 10%and 20%chemical fertilizers,Sphingomonas,Lysobacter,Nitrospira,Massilia and other functional bacteria with biological control and growth-promoting effects significantly enriched.Redundancy analysis(RDA)showed that environmental factors were closely related to the bacterial community structure in the rhizosphere soil.After replacing 10%and 20%chemical fertilizers with bio-organic fertilizers,wheat production increased by 9.3%and 4.4%,respectively.Therefore,the reasonable substitution of bio-organic fertilizers for chemical fertilizers can increase soil enzyme activities and soil nutrient content,and enhance the sustainable productivity of the soil.It is the main means to change the current high-input and high-polluting agricultural production methods.