以现场实验为引导的田野政治学建构——基于华中师范大学四次政治实验的回顾与反思

Construction of Field Politics Guided by Field Experiment——Review and Reflection on Four Political Experiments Conducted by Central China Normal University

在实验政治学被引入中国政治学之前,田野政治学在研究农村基层治理的过程中已经尝试着进行现场实验,并明确提出“实验先于方案”的学术主张,围绕改革开放之后基层治理的制度变迁先后进行了以农民参与为目标的“水月庵实验”、以农民组织为目标的“岳东实验”、以农民能力为目标的“南农实验”和以乡镇选举为目标的“杨集实验”。通过四次前后相继的实验及理论反思,田野政治学人认识到村庄治理的制度文本与制度在乡村社会运行存在巨大差异,以及制度环境对制度运行的制约,进而将后续研究置于乡村社会历史深处,走向乡村社会的根基,最终在实验试错的过程中深化田野政治学的学术自觉,建立社会科学研究方法自信。

Field experiments were pioneered in studying primary-level governance in field politics,before experimental politics was introduced into Chinese politics,and clearly put forward was the academic proposition of“experiment taking precedence over scheme”.Four experiments around the institutional changes of primary-level governance after China’s reform and opening up,“Shuiyuean Experiment”targeted to farmers’participation,“Yuedong Experiment”aimed at farmers’organizations,“Nannong Experiment”targeted to farmers’capability,and“Yangji Experiment”aimed at township elections were successively carried out.There were great differences between the institutional text of village governance and the operation of the system in rural society,as well as the constraints of the institutional environment on the operation of the system,field political scholars realized according to the four successive experiments and theoretical reflections.The study then put the follow-up research for an in-depth of rural social history and the foundation of rural society.In conclusion,through experimental trial and error,the academic consciousness of field politics was deepened and the self-confidence of social science research methods established.