新时代农村养老制度设计:历史脉络、现实困境与发展路径

The Institutional Design of Rural Eldercare in the New Era:Historical Context,Realistic Dilemma and Development Path

农村养老制度设计是实施积极应对人口老龄化国家战略的重要组成部分,我国党和政府历来高度重视农村养老问题,并从顶层制度设计的角度积极应对农村人口老龄化。进入新时代以来,农村人口老龄化呈现出基数大、速度加快、城乡倒置、家庭空巢化加剧、女性老人占比高、未富先老等新特征。研究发现,新中国成立以来农村养老制度设计和政策变迁经历了萌芽、起步、发展、推进和形塑五个特点明显的不同阶段;农村养老制度设计在构想、法制法规体系、养老保障等方面取得了积极进展并初显成效。不过,农村养老制度设计在超前应对、城乡分治、政策碎片化、多元主体参与等方面仍然存在明显的短板。今后农村养老制度设计应在创新思路的基础上,重点在超前应对、关注重点群体、加大财政投入、构建多元主体、推动专业化服务方面做好整体框架设计。

The institutional design of rural eldercare is granted as an important part of the implementation of the national strategy to actively deal with the aging of the population.The party and the government have always attached great importance to the issues of rural eldercare system,and actively deal with the aging of rural population from the perspective of institutional design.Since the beginning of the new era,the aging of rural population has shown some new characteristics,such as large base,accelerated process,urban-rural inversion,family empty nest aggravation,a high proportion of female elderly,aging before getting rich and so on.It is found that since the founding of the people's Republic of China,the design of the top-level rural erldercare system has experienced five distinct stages:germination,start-up,development,promotion and shaping;so far,the design of rural eldercare system has made positive progress and preliminary results in its conception,legal system and pension security.However,there are still obvious shortcomings in the design of the institutional system of rural eldercare in the aspects of the advanced response,urban-rural separative governance,policy fragmentation and multi-subject participation.In the next step,the institutional design of rural eldercare service should be based on innovative ideas,focusing on the overall design of the framework in advance response,focusing on key groups,increasing financial investment,building multiple subjects,and promoting professional services.