数据抓取行为的竞争法规制

Regulating Data Crawling through Competition Law

数据抓取是数据处理的前提,是数据产业的基础,更是推动数据普及运用的重要途径。然而,我国包括《数据安全法》在内的相关立法,并没有为数据抓取划定边界。实践中,《反不正当竞争法》一般条款的泛化适用已在某种程度上阻碍了数据经济社会效能的发挥。数据问题的合法性判断具有高度场景化的特点,抓取行为是否具有不正当性应结合数据交易价值和个案抓取手段进行判断,抓取行为是否产生竞争损害则取决于对后续数据产品及服务的市场替代效果评估。若以"数据垄断"对不正当抓取行为进行抗辩,在无法达到垄断的市场判定标准情况下,限制抓取行为也将构成数据不正当竞争行为。此外,在竞争法框架下还应考虑自由公平竞争秩序、市场创新,以及消费者多样化选择等公共利益目标。

Data crawling,the prerequisite for data processing,is the foundation for the data industry,and is vital to the popularized application of data.However,its boundary has failed to be set by related legislation in China,including Data Security Law.Since its legality is highly contextualized,the over-generalized application of the general provisions in the Anti-Unfair Competition Law has,to some degree prevented the data economy from functioning properly.In fact,the legality of the data crawling needs to be judged according to the transaction value of the data,the specific crawling methods,and the evaluation of the substitution effect of the subsequent products and services in the market.Its restriction may constitute unfair competition,when it does not amount to data monopoly.In addition,under competition law,public interests such as keeping free and fair competition order,promoting market innovation,and diversifying consumers’choices should also be taken into consideration.