4种风险评估模型在粉尘职业暴露重点行业中的应用研究

Application of four risk assessment models in key industries of occupational dust exposure

目的选择四川省4个粉尘危害重点行业进行4种职业健康风险评估方法,探讨评估方法的适用性,为粉尘职业暴露重点行业的风险评估技术应用提供依据。方法以四川省砖瓦制造业、铁合金冶炼业、土砂石开采业及贵金属矿采选业4类典型粉尘行业共31家企业的135个接尘岗位为研究对象,运用改良后定量分级法、综合指数法、国际采矿与金属委员会(ICMM)职业健康风险评估定量法、职业危害风险指数法评估接尘岗位的职业健康危害风险,并比较风险评估结果。结果4种风险评估比较显示,砖瓦制造业和铁合金冶炼业中,综合指数法和ICMM定量法的风险评估结果比较差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)且呈正相关(均P<0.001);土砂石开采业中,改良后定量分级法与综合指数法、综合指数法与职业危害风险指数法的风险评估结果比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),且呈正相关(均P<0.001);贵金属矿采选业中,改良后定量分级法与ICMM定量法的风险评估结果比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)且呈正相关(P<0.001)。不同粉尘等级状态下,超限岗位中,改良后定量分级法与综合指数法、改良后定量分级法与职业危害风险指数法、综合指数法与职业危害风险指数法的评估结果比较差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05),且两两间均呈正相关(均P<0.001);未超限岗位中,综合指数法和ICMM定量法的评估结果比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)且呈正相关(P<0.001)。结论砖瓦制造业和铁合金冶炼业较适用综合指数法和ICMM定量法进行职业健康风险评估,土砂石开采业较适用改良后定量分级法与综合指数法、综合指数法与职业危害风险指数法进行职业健康风险评估,贵金属矿采选业较适用改良后定量分级法与ICMM定量法进行职业健康风险评估;同一行业不同粉尘暴露等级,不同风险评估模型的职业健康风险结果不稳定;所以粉尘职业健康危害风险评估方法的建立与使用,除方法本身的适用性外,还应充分考虑行业类别与粉尘暴露水平。

Objective Four kinds of occupational health risk assessment methods were selected from four dust hazard industries in Sichuan province to explore the applicability of the assessment methods,so as to provide the basis for the application of risk assessment technology in dust occupational exposure industries.Methods Taking 135 dust exposure posts of 31 typical dust industries in Sichuan province,including brick and tile manufacturing,ferroalloy smelting,earth and gravel mining and precious metal mining and dressing,as the research objects,the improved quantitative classification method,comprehensive index method,the ICMM occupational health risk assessment quantitative method and occupational hazard risk index method were used to evaluate the safety of dust exposure posts occupational health hazard risk,and compare the results of risk assessment.Results The comparison of four kinds of risk assessment showed that in brick and tile manufacturing industry and ferroalloy smelting industry,the risk assessment results of composite index method and the ICMM quan titative method had no statistical difference(all P>0.05)and positive correlation(all P<0.001);in sand mining industry,the risk assessment results of improved quantitative classification method and composite index method,composite index method and occupational hazard risk index method had no statistical difference(all P>0.05)and positive correlation(all P<0.001)In the precious metal mining and dressing industry,the risk assessment results of the improved quantitative classification method and the ICMM quantitative method had no statistical difference(all P>0.05)and positive correlation(all P<0.001).There was no significant difference between the improved quantitative grading method and the comprehensive index method,the improved quantitative grading method and the occupational hazard risk index method,the comprehensive index method and the occupational hazard risk index method(all P>0.05),and there was a positive correlation between the two methods(all P<0.001);the comprehensive index method and the ICMM method were not significantly different between the two methods.There was no significant difference in the evaluation results of quantitative method(P>0.05)and positive correlation(all P<0.001).Conclusion The brick and tile manufacturing industry and ferroalloy smelting industry are more suitable for comprehensive index method and the ICMM quantitative method for occupational health risk assessment;the sand mining industry is more suitable for improved quantitative classification method and comprehensive index method,comprehensive index method and occupational hazard risk index method for occupational health risk assessment;the precious metal mining industry is more suitable for improved quantitative classification method and the ICMM quantitative method for occupational health risk assessment.Therefore,the establishment and use of risk assessment method for occupational health hazards of dust should not only consider the applicability of the method itself,but also fully consider the industry category and dust storm exposure level.