汉语“屁股”义词的共时分布与历时演变

Synchronic Distribution and Diachronic Evolution of the Words with the Meaning“Buttocks”in Chinese

现代方言“屁股”义词语非常丰富,有“臀”“股”“骹(尻)”“■”“屁”“腚”“沟”“屎”等八系。“臀”“尻”产生于先秦时代,作为雅言在历代文献中传承,今分别保留于吴、粤、闽语;“屎”三国至魏晋南北朝时期在北方产生,后成为口语高频词,今保留在晋语及江淮官话、徽语、客赣等方言;“屁股”元明时期在江淮地区起源,后扩散至江南、西南、中原、华北广大地区;“腚”系明末清初盛行于山东,20世纪初传播至辽宁;“沟”系、“屎”系在“屁股”广泛传播之前产生,今分别通行于西北、华南地区。

“Buttocks-type nouns”have rich lexical forms in modern Chinese dialects.There are seven main types,they are the lexical forms tun(臀),gu(股),kao(尻),du(塚),pi(屁),ding(腚),gou(沟)and shi(屎).The forms tun and kao came into being in Pre-Qin Dynasty,written in literature as“Yayan”(雅言)and preserved in Wu-Yue and Min dialects respectively till today;the usage of du is found firstly in the Three Kingdoms period,and it might have started out as a word used in some dialect,and then became a common word gradually in the northern areas.Now,this form is preserved in Jin dialect,Jianghuai Mandarin,Huizhou and Ke-Gan dialects.The word pigu(屁股)arose in Yuan and Ming Dynasties.It is supposed that pigu may be one of the so-called“Yangtze words”,which originated in the Yangtze and Huai River Valley before spreading to the north,the south and the west in China.The form ding was prevailed during Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty.It arose in Shandong,and spread to Liaoning in the early 20th century.The rest of the two forms gou and shi have appeared respectively in northwest and Hua-nan areas before the form pigu was widely spread.