东方近现代“共同历史”的中国建构

China’s Construction of Modern Oriental “Common History”

近代以来,东方各国皆以自国文化为中心来界定“东方文化”,因而很难基于“共同文化”的认同来建构东方近现代史。在此情况下,中国学者由东方“共同文化”转向“共同历史”的确认,将东方各国沦为西方殖民地、半殖民地社会的转型时期视为共有的“近代史”,把俄国十月革命影响下的“东方的觉醒”与反抗,视为共同的“现代史”,于是“东方”概念的内涵外延也随之发生改变,由“亚洲”扩展为“亚非”乃至“亚非拉”,但同时也使用“东方—西方”概念统御之。在“亚非拉”共同历史的撰写中,除了世界通史模式外,还使用了殖民主义史、东方民族主义史、东方现代化史三种模式。中国学者对东方近现代共同历史的建构,成为我国东方学建构的重要环节。

Since modern times, the eastern countries define the “oriental culture” by centering on their own national culture, so it is difficult to construct the oriental modern history based on the “common culture”. In this context, Chinese scholars switch their perspective from “common culture” to “common history”, regarding the time of the countries and regions being colonized or semi-colonized by the West as constituting the “common modern history”. Accordingly, both the denotation and connotation of the concept of the East expands to cover “Asia and Africa” and even “Asia, Africa and Latin America”, but the “East-West” concept has remained in use all along. In addition to the general world history, the writing of the common history of Asia, Africa and Latin America also includes three models of the history of colonialism, the history of Eastern nationalism and the history of Eastern modernization. Chinese scholars’ construction of the oriental common modern history has become an important part of the development of oriental studies in China.