明代福建地区的科举竞争与地域专经

The Competition of Imperial Examination and Regional Specialization in Fujian Region in the Ming Dynasty

现存福建地区乡试录汇编《闽省贤书》,保存了明代福建90科乡试录取情况,为了解该地区内部以专经为表象的科举竞争实态提供了依据。梳理明代福建各府的中式人数,分析其变化趋势以及竞争关系,得到如下结论:一是明代福建地区的科举格局,经历了由明前期福州府的一家独大,至明中期福州、兴化两府争锋,再至万历后泉州府、漳州府崛起的变化过程;二是各地区的科举优势,建立在专经的基础上,如福州专《诗》、兴化好《尚书》、泉州重《易》;三是各地科举人数的消长,取决于各地专经实力的变化,福州、兴化在明代后期科举优势的丧失,源自于漳州、泉州等地在《诗》《易》《尚书》等方面科举竞争力的增强。对闽县与晋江二地《礼记》盛衰变化的考察发现,杰出的科举人才往往能够引领一时风气,带动地方科举的发展。

The extant compiled Local Examination Records of Fujian Province preserves the admission information of 90 local examinations in Fujian in the Ming dynasty and provides a basis for understanding the actual state of imperial examination competition in this region.After sorting out the number of Chinese people in Fujian prefectures in the Ming dynasty and analyzing its change trend and competition relationship,the following conclusions can be drawn.First,the imperial examination pattern in Fujian in the Ming dynasty experienced a change from the dominant Fuzhou prefectures in the early Ming dynasty to the contention between Fuzhou and Xinghua prefectures in the middle Ming dynasty,and then to the rise of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou prefectures after Wanli Period.Second,the superiority of the imperial examination in different regions was based on the specialized classics,such as Poetry in Fuzhou,The Books of Chow in Xinghua and Yi in Quanzhou.Third,the rise and fall of the number of imperial examinations in different places were determined by the change of the strength of specialized officials in different places.The loss of the superiority of Fuzhou and Xinghua in the late Ming dynasty was due to the enhancement of the competitiveness of Zhangzhou,Quanzhou and other places in the aspects of Poetry,Yi and The Books of Chow.Through the investigation of the vicissitude of the Book of Rites in Min County and Jinjiang County,it is found that the outstanding talents in the imperial examination often lead the prevailing vogue and drive the development of the local imperial examination.