延安新造贫瘠耕地适生农作物及其高产品种筛选

Selection of suitable crops and its best cultivar in newly created farmland of Yan’an region

2013-2017年延安市实施了治沟造地工程,总投资约50亿,新造耕地3.33万hm2,但是研究发现新造耕地土壤贫瘠,改良需要较长时间。因此筛选新造耕地适生农作物及其高产品种,指导农业生产实践显得尤为重要和迫切。为此,本研究开展延安新造耕地适生农作物筛选实验,发现马铃薯为新造耕地适生农业作物,进而从甘肃等地选择有代表性的抗性强、产量高的11个马铃薯品种,在延安安塞区高桥镇南沟村开展了最适马铃薯品种筛选的大田实验。结果表明:(1)从产量、产值以及对土壤改良角度综合考虑,马铃薯为延安新造耕地适生作物,其产量和产值均显著高于其他农作物,且马铃薯有利于降低土壤pH值,改善土壤团粒结构,提升有机质与氮磷含量,适宜于新造贫瘠耕地种植。(2)“新大坪”、“青薯168”、“克新1号”产量均显著高于本地马铃薯品种(P<0.01),且出苗率、水分利用效率、净光合效率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和胞间CO_(2)浓度均高于本地马铃薯品种(P<0.05);“陇薯7号”出苗率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和胞间CO_(2)浓度也高于本地品种(P<0.05),其水分利用效率低(P>0.05),限制了其光合效率(P>0.05),没有表现出高产效果(P>0.05),但是个头大、表面光滑、卖相好。(3)进一步大田验证实验发现,“新大坪”不但产量高,而且出苗率、株高、净光合速率、气孔导度、淀粉、还原糖、蛋白质均优于本地马铃薯品种;“青薯168”产量也显著高于本地马铃薯品种,其胞间CO_(2)浓度、蒸腾速率、PSⅡ实际光化学效率、最大光化学量子产量、PSⅡ潜在活性均优于本地品种;“陇薯7号”与“克新1号”产量也高于本地品种,但无显著性差异(P>0.05)。利用模糊数学隶属函数方法综合评价发现,“新大坪”隶属度值最大,为新造耕地最适宜种植推广的品种,其次为“陇薯7号”与“青薯168”,而“克新1号”综合评价劣于本地品种。

Background,aim,and scope A project of creation farmland has implemented in Yan’an City from 2013 to 2017,which project invested about 5 billion yuan.However,the newly created farmland is barren and it does not meet plant growth needs.Moreover,it takes a long time to ameliorate new created farmland soil.Therefore,it is urgent to select the suitable crops and its high-yield cultivar to guide agricultural production practice on newly created farmland.Materials and methods Several local crops have been selected as experimental materials for higher yield and output value crops selection,and then 11 potato varieties with high resistance and high yield were selected from Gansu and other places,and field experiments were carried out in Nangou Village,Gaoqiao Town,Ansai District,Yan’an from 2016 to 2018.Results The results showed:(1)potato is the better suitable crop than other 5 crops in the newly created farmland in Yan’an region,and its output and its value are significantly higher than that of other crops,moreover,planting potatoes is in favor of reducing soil pH value,improving soil aggregate structure and the concentrations of organic matter and nitrogen.(2)The yields of Xindaping,Qingshu 168 and Kexin No.1 were significantly higher than that of local potato cultivar(P<0.01),moreover,their emergence rate,water use efficiency,net photosynthetic efficiency,stomatal conductance,transpiration rate and intercellular CO_(2) concentration were also significant higher than that of local cultivar of potato(P<0.05).The emergence rate,stomatal conductance,transpiration rate and intercellular CO_(2) concentration of Longshu No.7 were also higher than that of local cultivar(P<0.05),but its water use efficiency was lower than that of the local cultivar(P>0.05),which limited its photosynthetic efficiency(P>0.05),and finally resulted in lower yield(P>0.05).Nevertheless,tuber size was bigger than that of others cultivar,with smooth surface and good looking.(3)Further field experiments showed that Xindaping not only had a high yield,but also had better the emergence rate,net photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance and high concentrations of the starch,reducing sugar and protein than that of local potato cultivar.For Qingshu 168,the yield,intercellular CO_(2) concentration,transpiration rate,PSⅡactual photochemical efficiency,maximum photochemical quantum yield,and PSⅡpotential activity were better than that of local cultivar.The yields of Longshu No.7 and Kexin No.1 were also higher(P>0.05)than that of local cultivar.Discussion Comprehensive evaluation by Fuzzy Mathematics Membership Function method indicated that Xindaping has the highest membership value,next is Longshu No.7 and Qingshu 168,and the Kexin No.1 is not suitable for promotion.Conclusions The potato cultivar“Xindaping”,“Longshu No.7”and“Qingshu 168”have strong growth adaptability and high economic efficiency on newly created farmland.Recommendations and perspectives The results indicate that potato varieties“Xindaping”,“Longshu No.7”and“Qingshu 168”should be popularized and planted as main crop cultivar in the barren newly created farmland.