从“嘲讽”到“自嘲”——语言游戏在法国喜剧中的变迁

From Derision to Self-Derision: Evolution of Verbal Play in French Comedy

本文首先从"游戏"的哲学定义入手,厘清"语言游戏"的概念及其与语言实用功能所相对的非功利、创造性、批判性的实质;其次通过分析作为法国喜剧传统的语言游戏从以人物和情节为主体的"传统"喜剧到以剧场和语言本身为主体的"现代"喜剧中形式与功能的变迁,阐述其在法国喜剧现代性进程中从取悦观众到冒犯观众,从游戏意义到游戏符号,从与人物性格和剧情发展高度吻合到陌生化、断裂化、空白化的美学转向及其引发的从"优越感"到"狂欢化"的笑,揭示其反思理性、批判惯例、重塑语言与世界观的社会价值。

Starting from the philosophical definition of"play,"this article first clarifies the concept of"verbal play"as well as its non-utilitarian,creative and critical essence as opposed to the pragmatic function of language;it analyzes then the evolution in forms and functions of verbal play in French comedy from"traditional"to"modern"times,expounds its aesthetic turn from pleasing the audience to offending the audience,from playing with meaning to playing with sign,from producing a laugh of superiority to arousing a"carnivalesque"laugh,so as to reveal its critical and poietic values towards reason,conventions,language and common perception of the world.