以天合天:庄子对世界的观照及其心灵修养意蕴

The Character of Zhuangzi’s Epistemology and Its Significance of Mind-cultivation

庄子对依靠语言和辩说表达和把握真理(道)的可能性提出了根本性的质疑,进而对知识与价值的相对性做出了深刻的揭示。然而,庄子并未因此而导向一种破坏性的结论:对真理的把握是不可能的。在庄子,知识和价值固然是相对的,然而这种相对性又是可以超越的。如何超越知识和价值的相对性而把握真理?在此,庄子不是诉诸纯粹的理论思辨,而是转向了主体自身的心灵修养,是其所谓“有真人而后有真知”。在庄子,观照世界的理想方式在于“以天合天”——以自我心灵本然之虚灵明觉观照世界,以得大千世界本然之情状。因而,作为一种心灵修养的工夫,我们要自觉地将各种成见和造作从心灵之中清除出去,以使自我心灵本然的智慧光辉得以充分地显现和发挥,这就是庄子所谓的“虚室生白”。特别地,作为战国心术思潮中的一种理论形态,不同于儒家意义的心灵修养,庄子所展开的是一种独特的非道德(unmoral)意义上的心灵修养进路。

Zhuangzi doubts strongly on the possibility of grasping the truth relying on language,and reveals profoundly the relativity of knowledge and value.However,Zhuangzi did not therefore leading to a devastating conclusion:to grasp the truth is impossible.According to Zhuangzi,knowledge and value of course is relative,however,this relativity is transcendence.How to go beyond the relativity of knowledge and values and to grasp the truth?Here,Zhuangzi is not to resort to purely theoretical speculation,but turned to the cultivation of the principal's own mind,and thus launched a unique non-moral sense of the spiritual practice approach.