马克思自由观的逻辑前提——从康德、黑格尔到马克思

The logical premise of Marx’s view of freedom——From Kant and Hegel to Marx

德国古典哲学的自由精神是阐释马克思自由思想的主要理论来源,也是理解马克思哲学的重要参照。康德论证了自由只有在实践理性中才能被践行,认为自由是以实践理性作为逻辑前提的道德自由,人因为有了理性才能为自身立法,因此将二元论的矛盾归结为人的理性的矛盾。黑格尔在其辩证逻辑中解决了康德的理性矛盾,认为自由是以绝对理念作为逻辑前提的精神自由,黑格尔哲学的自由就体现在绝对精神自身现实化的过程中。而马克思在扬弃了康德道德自由中人的主体性原则与黑格尔绝对精神的辩证发展过程后,确立了以生产实践作为逻辑前提的人的自由。在马克思看来,自由不是一个结果,而是从事自由自觉的生产活动,是不断进行自我否定的生活样态本身。

The free spirit of classical German philosophy is the main theoretical source to explain Marx’s thought of freedom and the important reference to understand Marx’s philosophy.Kant argued that freedom can only be exercised in practical reason,and that freedom is moral freedom with practical reason as the logical premise.As people can only legislate for themselves by reason,Kant attributed the contradiction of dualism to the contradiction of human reason.Hegel solved the rational contradiction of Kant in his dialectical logic,holding that freedom is spiritual freedom with the absolute idea as the logical premise.The freedom of Hegel’s philosophy is embodied in the process of the realization of the absolute spirit itself.After sublating the human subjectivity principle in Kant’s moral freedom and the dialectical development process of Hegel’s absolute spirit,Marx established human freedom with production practice as the logical premise.In Marx’s view,freedom is not a result,but the activity of free and conscious production and the life itself which is constantly self-denying.