论CISG对于商业惯例作为默示承诺的规定

The Regulation of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods Regarding the Transaction Customs as Implied Commitment

《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》对商业惯例作为默示承诺的认定分为两种情况:当事人约定或在交易过程中形成的特有惯例和在一定地域范围内为特定行业的交易者所通用的商业惯例。目前国内关于国际合同中商业惯例的判决和国际商事惯例的裁判都比较少,在裁判文书中对于商业惯例的认定较为模糊,需要对该公约商业惯例的认定进行解释,从而为国内法院处理相关问题提供思路。结合世界范围内的判例法,对商业惯例做出主客观条件的限定,客观方面商业惯例应当具有国际性、地域性、行业性,主观方面要求当事人对法律后果“知道或者应当知道”,特殊地域对于主观要件的要求更高,如展销会等区域,默认推知该区域的国际商人对商业惯例知晓。对商业惯例的适用需要当事人主张并提供证据,若通过专家证人证言来证明,则要求专家证人经常从事该行业,法官在做出裁决时需要站在国际商人的角度,而不可从无关第三人角度做出裁判。

The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods(CISG)recognizes business practices as implied undertakings in two situations:specific practices agreed upon by the parties or formed during transactions,and business practices commonly used by traders in specific industries within a certain geographical area.At present,domestic judgments on business practices in international contracts and international commercial practices are relatively rare.The determination of business practices in the judgment documents is relatively vague.Combining with worldwide case law,the subjective and objective conditions are defined for business practices.On the objective side,business practices should be international,regional,and industry-specific,and subjectively,the parties are required to“know or should know”about the legal consequences.In special regions,the requirements for subjective elements are higher,such as trade fairs and other areas,where it is assumed that international businessmen in that area are aware of business practices.The application of business practices requires the parties to assert and provide evidence.If the testimony of expert witnesses is used to prove,the expert witnesses are required to be engaged in the industry frequently.The judges need to stand in the perspective of international businessmen when making a ruling instead of unrelated third parties.